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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2019-11-3 19:48 编辑
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汉语里的「讽刺」本来是一个偏负面的词，现代汉语规范词典：4 h" u. Q1 _8 ^
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用比喻、夸张、反语等表达手法进行揭露、批评或嘲笑。
5 p+ ~, |) k1 V- Z「讽」，现代汉语词典：8 b, S1 ?% H$ l% H1 I f
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但是不知道为什么，好多英汉词典非要把「ironic」「irony」跟「讽」挂上钩（irony明明是「反话」！），搞得一系列相关词都莫名其妙。比如说吧：6 u/ P( z, }1 l8 v2 G2 U# d
( _! P& O9 q4 w, K# F# N1 H牛津高阶双解(第四版)：0 y9 C! w$ { k! ?
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2 M4 g# B# K" [2 {牛津高阶(第9版)：: Z. E( N! W5 p- q
2 w" y4 a$ Y: VHe pulled a wry face when I asked him how it had gone.
: }# c0 b: p! n4 x% r! F我问他近况如何，他有些哭笑不得。
同一个短语，新版跟老版解释不一样，绝了吧？
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/ K* {9 H, r3 @! U0 e- l" C0 c) x9 G更绝的还有这个呢，外研社新英汉词典：
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奇了怪了，「做鬼脸」什么时候「表示不同意，又不愿公然反驳」啦？？？辞海：
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故意装出一种怪相来吓人或哄人。徐学谟《归有园麈谈》：“乘势作威者，如大人装鬼脸以骇小儿，背地则收下。”
$ E7 e4 @0 c/ Y3 V0 X% t2 o4 s( Q外研社新英汉词典据说是《三民最新簡明英漢》转成简体过来的，没有原书，就不深究了。
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Chambers Dictionary 13th：. a7 n! M; {8 @: O3 F- M( Z, L
! I9 ]4 p" D% V7 _9 i+ Gmake or pull a wry face or mouth
/ M" }: s% |: ~8 C7 N5 y; wTo pucker up the face or mouth in reaction to a bitter or astringent taste, or to pain, or to express disgust or distaste
/ _, E5 H0 H$ c; S- ?5 C2 F% K3 h, b看见没，这么多情况都能说「pull a wry face」，「鬼脸」却只能对应「吓人」「哄人」（逗乐）的情况，可见「做鬼脸」根本不合适。, c3 Y3 a" m$ |' w4 T3 c7 ?6 a) g
1 C) ?. K* K# Y——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
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% {5 O' ~& k, z, f1 Y1 P! pwry 到底是什么意思呢？好多书都说本义是「歪」，至于衍生的意思，还得请教英英辞书：& b0 n; ~9 ^' U# F: G1 o* }; S2 h6 x
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Of the features, neck, etc.: turned to one side, contorted, distorted; spec. (of the face, a look, etc.) twisted or contorted as a manifestation of dislike, disgust, disappointment, or (now freq.) quiet or sardonic amusement. E16.
: n# I5 I' K: g原来是脸啊、表情啊什么的皱一皱、动一动，表达苦；或者苦中有点乐、乐中有点苦的幽默 —— 后者现在用得越来越多了。* |! z" W7 Y0 }) c# z" ~: k
: L. w& {" }+ |7 L顺着这个思路，有的词典立两个义项，一个苦，一个有苦有乐：
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& [5 V# {9 g9 ~# e% l2 t7 NAmerican Heritage Dictionary 5th; r- G* g$ z. W2 c' B) K( n! w
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1. Funny in an understated, sarcastic, or ironic way: —— 有苦有乐
2 x7 E1 B7 B d8 b! p, O/ ]* |a wry sense of humor.
; Z2 L" Z; O m# t& n1 Q# J* N& @, w& }2. Temporarily twisted in an expression of distaste or displeasure: —— 苦
; I8 K8 x' G* }$ |$ B9 q( X2 W1 ]made a wry face.
7 M8 w. [+ z) J新牛津：
9 _8 P" S/ Z" J: e1. using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humour—— 有苦有乐% R3 q# p+ t: P- y' g8 R
3 t. m% ^# u0 s2. (of a person's face or features) twisted into an expression of disgust, disappointment, or annoyance —— 苦
Webster's Third New International Dictionary：4 Q0 Z# I; W% h
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a. : twisted to express an emotion usually of disgust or displeasure —— 苦
) I1 x& b$ S1 o' q9 {/ R < took another drink … making a wry face — Erskine Caldwell >
4 t) V, l4 l! D6 |- Hb. : made by a deliberate distortion of the facial muscles often to express irony or mockery—— 有苦有乐
; F. `3 J+ @0 k6 Q7 S# d% G# ? < at the door he turned with a wry smile — Agnes S. Turnbull >% C, [6 d4 L" V* y/ R/ ~8 e, [
3. marked by perversity : contrary to what is considered right : wrongheaded —— 不苦不乐，只是倒错: b/ K4 `. a8 s& E- C5 E; a; B
< wondered how he had come to make such a wry thing of his life — Elizabeth Taylor >
* _, m w7 G) x, B韦3的解释是多么到位啊！1 B! p/ z9 N Q+ I7 ^# z2 c# {1 b: _. B
$ ~6 x$ y' F( ZChambers 21st Century
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1 said eg of a smile: slightly mocking or bitter; ironic. —— 有苦有乐; a+ X4 G7 q/ a+ z6 s6 f1 i
2 said of a facial expression: with the features distorted or twisted into a grimace, in reaction to a bitter taste, etc.—— 苦
还有的词典只有一个义项，「有苦有乐」，苦的那一面不是特别重要就略去了：: ]) ^) l6 Z" P/ }
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Vocabulary.com Dictionary：
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A wry sense of humor is a sarcastic one. You were late for work, stepped into a mud puddle, and you forgot your lunch. If your co-worker asks how your morning is going, you can reply with a wry tone, "Perfectly perfect."
( ^8 Q* N/ k! r" Q9 [- FThe original use for the adjective wry was to describe something that was bent or twisted, so a sprained ankle could be described as "a wry ankle." Today, the word wry is often used to describe less tangible twists. Wry humor and wry wit both describe a sense of humor that is a little twisted from the norm.
Vocabulary.com 重点解释了今天流行的「幽默」「有苦有乐」这个意思。
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最后咱看一下烂大街的Collins COBUILD：
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1. If someone has a wry expression, it shows that they find a bad situation or a change in a situation slightly amusing.
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} C% \" E4 j& i( e$ K" y& s2. A wry remark or piece of writing refers to a bad situation or a change in a situation in an amusing way.
% u: V- P+ y3 U$ y5 s6 ?9 n0 T烂大街的剑桥：
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% }# `) ]4 Y7 \1 ]8 s6 G! {1 y hshowing that you find a bad or difficult situation slightly funny
- Y, s$ ^$ ?3 G; t% m( u看看，Collins COBUILD、剑桥都能把「幽默」「有苦有乐」说清楚。下面来看看英汉词典：" r2 c& D, J1 r T) u A
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英汉大词典：
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0 u0 f, z! ]/ W, |. Q- t2. (表示厌恶、乐趣等时的面部表情)面部扭曲的;露出怪相的 e8 D9 @0 l) w! \, l8 V# S
He tasted the mixture with a wry expression on his face.他尝了尝那合剂,脸上露出一副怪相。& E6 m5 z: P/ j/ k# Q3 T
Over the beer she made a wry face and said “Nasty!”她对啤酒做了一个鬼脸,说道“真难喝!”
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6. 富于幽默感的;挖苦的;讽刺的6 i( a* ?; J7 k$ a% @6 `# U
a wry joke笑话4 {0 A# q. O6 Z; d8 t
a wry sense of humour冷嘲式幽默感
g2 ]5 D) @9 V英汉大词典的义项太多了！只说第2、第6个。
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5 R# k# Q0 c7 c* {; J* H' k第2个还行吧，「苦」「乐」两面都有，虽然不知道什么叫「表示……乐趣等时的面部表情」（？？），不过好歹例句足够好。
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& M) _5 E% {9 S! |# C& a第6个就奇怪了，joke 是笑话，「a wry joke」也是笑话吗？wry = 空？至于「幽默感」（正面词）怎么跟「挖苦讽刺』（负面词）搁在一起，大概读者心里也是稀里糊涂的。+ C" @2 `9 T% Y$ u; ^2 v8 ~& q* {
5 M$ f- P9 o2 ~. @文馨当代：
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. K) k0 u: J& M% N O1. a(脸、表情等)有不悦之色的5 D& C* C- G. h B
•a wry look [expression]愁眉苦脸
) f* B* B, q. r1 o. ?•He had a wry grin on his face.他面带苦笑。
2 l$ g( u/ u5 [4 A% w/ z……
% H4 p- \0 q* r* \. Q8 R. X2.(言语、幽默等)讽刺的,讥嘲的3 r3 T" [2 |+ ]; G, o; p' z
•a wry remark讽刺的话
文馨当代里面好像没有「乐」
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韦氏高阶：3 S1 o/ ]# Y" }7 G8 K' W( s/ I
! E5 K ]' z& d# A4 C3 ~7 h1 : humorous in a clever and often ironic way讽刺的；挖苦的6 @3 R1 ~& J. M
2 : showing both amusement and a feeling of being tired, annoyed, etc.啼笑皆非的
* d: h& `5 @" e) H韦氏高阶说「啼笑皆非」，这个不坏。只是，第一个义项里面，原文明明说了humorous、clever，怎么翻译一下就只剩「讽刺挖苦」了？莫非英汉词典译者脑子里面的「讽刺」，是万能词？2 q0 R% @) _0 X* |. ]
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牛津高阶9也是这个毛病：6 ]( k# D! L' ^4 e
0 l" l$ U# `" Mamusing in a way that shows irony 挖苦的；讽刺的；揶揄的5 _+ T+ v6 s0 S& Y* R
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a wry comment9 X! l# ^/ s6 y, L, x
挖苦的评论
+ q# S# i/ W& q4 e& }3 T「a wry comment」怎么就等于「挖苦的评论」了？amusing 的含义在哪里？辞海「挖苦」：用刻薄的话讽刺。《官场现形记》第四十七回：“施藩台晓得董钦差是挖苦他，把脸红了一阵。”
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) K# I7 c2 }5 B& @21世纪大英汉词典) |! R! z S8 I* c
wry
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1.扭歪的；歪斜的) q8 a1 B9 {; W/ l
2.皱眉头的；(表示不满时)面部肌肉扭曲的；做出怪相的+ t' h8 o0 C" w4 @$ d5 Y) ]
3.坚持错误的，固执己见的 ?# S2 Q6 {$ ~0 ^$ T! [
4.歪曲了的，曲解了的& y5 [7 R8 i+ N0 |
5.讽刺的，挖苦的，辛辣的；作弄(人)的
21世纪大英汉 里面，凭空多了个「作弄人」，到底是苦是乐呢？反正就是不肯学习英英词典，老老实实把这个词的两个方面说清楚。
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遠東英漢大辭典：
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4 k, T( D7 P( A2 ~9 M* i( x, J, C遠東英漢确实是一本神奇的词典，它把Webster's Third New International Dictionary里面「marked by perversity : contrary to what is considered right : wrongheaded —— 不苦不乐，只是倒错」这个意义的例句搬运、翻译了出来，可是，韦3区分「苦」「有苦有乐」的地方那么精彩，遠東英漢怎么不知道抄呢？5 c- g6 R s7 b/ e2 C
; x7 O1 y! j5 T$ D+ { M國際英漢大詞典（張芳杰）：
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抄抄抄，净不知道抄好的，呃……顺便，这里第4个义项，说wry laughs 是「嘲笑声」，不对。+ F1 [9 A0 a3 }+ X/ ?
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新英汉词典：
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$ o: u: Y& X3 e7 B1 扭歪的;歪斜的:* a& }1 g R9 l2 ]
a wry nose歪鼻子- B7 b: ]8 z% {$ A0 w: D: u7 o
2 (表示厌恶、不满等)面部扭曲的:
S$ q5 I( m9 j5 y/ Ua wry smile苦笑2 s, l+ c5 w0 L* I' g0 f7 f
make a wry face做鬼脸
4 |4 D1 [) } d英汉大词典里面还知道有「乐」的成分，新英汉就只剩「厌恶、不满」了，这是怎么回事呀？' {; R& O, q# |# d Q6 Q
+ M, w! Y* G9 m21世紀電腦英漢漢英雙向辭典： u! Z' [9 \+ d8 h
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1 a. (一时) 不高兴的, 皱眉的, 扭歪的 < 脸、表情等>% r+ Q5 p- J; M( {3 ~9 q2 W) J
a ~ look (略带滑稽的) 苦脸
2 |" E9 _" g# b- _a ~ smile (微微的) 苦笑# N. U* ~& Z2 J" s1 p
make a ~ face [mouth]' v4 A4 r% g6 Z) M; h }
做鬼脸, 皱起面孔1 `, \8 P* @! {- m; t& B6 I: f* s4 R# t
(难吃、失望、厌恶等的表情)
这本挺奇妙，（一时）(略带滑稽的) (微微的) 都是妙笔，像是传达了「有苦有乐」的微妙之处，虽然并没明确说 ——这自然是原日作的功劳了
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发表于 2019-11-3 19:13:35
楼主