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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2019-11-28 01:16 编辑 # S# ~; k I) b8 `5 F
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allege和allegation,我也不知道是不是什么四六级词汇、考研词汇之类的。不过我相信,不管英语底子好不好,大家都有个感觉:allegation无非是allege的名词嘛。
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新牛津:
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allege:claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof that this is the case
9 ~0 Z( D; M$ b8 w( `; x1 Xallegation:a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof - S/ N0 ~( t2 I# X) Z/ Q/ T
看!释义都是平行的,一个动词,一个名词而已。新牛津就这一个义项,大家伙可以舒一口气了。! i. P4 ^: |5 ]' l2 n: ^; A. x5 Y
$ G8 f( D/ Z8 \Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary:2 e g; z: Y! R2 N" g. Q; S
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allege
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& }' `6 b0 V: K9 Z5 v$ m5 e1. to assert without proof.% b, @: _6 l% H1 B' |( N& |
2. to declare with positiveness; affirm; assert: to allege a fact.3 X9 f; B) @3 W$ v1 L7 a( ?* S
3. to declare before a court or elsewhere, as if under oath.! {. H! ]; }$ m( h
4. to plead in support of; offer as a reason or excuse.
% W' P- I1 a; B3 `3 _5. Archaic. to cite or quote in confirmation. allegation5 O* `0 e; i: N+ S3 A
) T( v' M- s6 e/ }. e# M1. the act of alleging; affirmation.- c" j3 j) L; i# d, q
2. an assertion made with little or no proof., X" t5 i+ ~$ E% b0 \
3. an assertion made by a party in a legal proceeding, which the party then undertakes to prove.
% r2 L" b% v& n; Z( y* s0 n$ [4. a statement offered as a plea, excuse, or justification. + @; b1 p1 w/ ], Q1 s' m
兰登书屋韦氏真可怕,一上来就四个义项。不过稍稍看一下就知道,allege的义项1234对应allegation的义项2134,还是基本平行的!allege 的第五个意思是古义,咱就不管了。( \, V: v I& h% ]: M* p7 h
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韦氏高阶:
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0 ^* y7 G8 v3 M9 _! gallege:to state without definite proof that someone has done something wrong or illegal( p$ r% h; H2 w% u1 m
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allegation:a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal
7 Q2 v0 `( j4 x2 P7 SESL词典通俗易懂人人爱,请看,两个释义还是平行的对吧?
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再来一本ESL,麦克米兰:! f6 V3 a% X5 t' _( N6 I' u" ^
. k" o1 P5 y8 q5 r9 y8 I4 Vallege:to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong or illegal, even though this has not been proved
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allegation:a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal even though this has not been proved 9 L O" J) N& ~" p
说不平行的一定是眼瞎。
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2 a6 t( m* q- T" \, W+ m" J有爱查词典的童鞋要说了,这俩词释义不平行的词典也不少呢,怎么不见你搬出来说,偏心!/ z6 B& I5 W* Q2 }% M) `& m
. G( F: f6 `8 Y" q, i0 s确实有不少英英词典,这俩词释义语言不平行,但我觉得主要是释义风格问题,不影响allegation跟allege一个名词、一个动词。* i4 ]! L7 G/ r$ T0 [3 H
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再看Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 6th:
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^: d9 D, b6 M- Y5 |; n9 fallege:
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1.Declare upon oath at a tribunal; bring forward as a legal ground or plea. obsolete exc. as passing into senses 2 and 4. ME.
) f3 X+ K$ p+ d: o& }4 j2.Affirm, assert, esp. without proof. ME.6 V" A7 O. U: ~$ G, T9 i* v4 S
3.Cite, quote, (for or against). arch. LME.* @, g2 q# y+ z% G5 t5 I2 Z- V
4.Advance as an argument or excuse. LME.
" e' Z- ~! `5 P3 b# W* t% Qallegation:: a! }: M, h1 ?! G# V0 u! C
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1. The action of making a charge before a legal tribunal; a charge so made. LME.7 E9 i& |4 V& s" c: J$ I
2.†An excuse, a plea, an alleged reason. LME–E17.
5 b5 _5 d6 f: k3 d( n7 t3.A claim or assertion of wrongdoing, esp. one made without proof. M16.
8 D% s* a1 f; N3 H4.†The action of citing an author or document; a quotation. M16–L17. 6 X) |4 K( _7 d3 Q2 N
allege 义项1234分别对应allegation义项1342,也是平行的!注意了,SOED说allege的第一个意思已经过时了,转向义项2、4。
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贴了这么多英文,跟英汉词典有什么关系呢?神奇的地方来了,不少英汉词典说「allege」是「断言,宣称」,「allegation」是「指控」,仿佛俩词儿八竿子打不着!!$ r5 l. p' y4 [1 n: I1 L; }5 x
# V; F: E( f# d( D) Q- k为了保险起见,咱先看看《现代汉语词典》:
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! s' M1 u$ V2 B. u5 K/ d1 f& s1 h, s断言$ ^* J6 F$ ]' M" R. e/ U
duànyán- E) `* @: `2 A+ h; q$ M& D
①动 十分肯定地说:, O: \! r9 @# t
可以~,这种办法行不通。
9 O! J* Y2 ?4 g: u' O, s/ x②名 断语:
/ y0 j+ B# l! C. \3 P现在还不能下这样的~。 指控
. ^# N2 r' W ]/ P$ I" j; x4 Kzhǐkòng 动 指责和控告:
$ b$ K1 x3 m. Y9 y5 [) O+ c提出~|~他有受贿行为。 / ]& k2 K6 f; h7 e! ~
没说错吧?汉语里的「断言」跟「指控」绝对是两码事。别的不说,「指控」的意思里面,有「控告」呀!
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下面看《新世纪英汉大词典》:
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1. (claim)[police, the prosecution, report, document +]断言;宣称;声称7 P7 o0 a5 F ~, V8 W& N6 q( g
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2. LAW(cite)[police, the prosecution, lawsuit, charge +] [+ abuse, assault, discrimination, negligence]控告;指控( v/ V/ m' |( B# Z* W/ V( q7 ?
3. ARCHAIC(cite, quote)引用;引证9 ~4 G3 @* v# `0 m6 u
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allegation- ?* Z7 J& u9 Z. S% B* t K
NOUN
" ?/ e' t$ N& T0 Q; x1. (unproved statement)[of corruption, brutality]断言;指控, _. x& T$ Z& e0 `& i8 U
6 r1 f8 V/ v) m2 M2 i; q2. FORMAL(act of alleging)宣称;声称
* f: B/ m2 s. g3 D4 g在allege条下面,「断言」跟「宣称;声称」是一伙儿的,跟「指控」不是一家人,跑到allegation条下面,「断言」又跟「指控」亲热起来了,「宣称;声称」跑去单独成了家。; ^4 k- {0 L' Y7 S; H$ i
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看了这样的译文,读者是不是很想打人、很想砸电视呢??当然,我晓得有的读者干脆放弃了治疗,认定这辈子学不会English了8 F" {& U& p" h0 G7 t( B% r
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牛津高阶9:
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allege:to state sth as a fact but without giving proof (未提出证据)断言,指称,声称& B% o5 o5 S6 |' X
allegation:a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal (无证据的)说法,指控 5 Y% T8 H! K6 k0 O6 P% z( z+ ^. y4 Z
牛津高阶9的一个中文叫「断言,指称,声称」,一个中文叫「说法,指控」,实在不明白为什么
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# b- U: `: W- y+ c) Kallege:state (sth) as a fact but without proof; give as an argument or excuse (无证据地)陈述,宣称,声称(某事);辩解:
% M" P7 W6 v2 R1 n/ G0 b9 aallegation:1. act of alleging 陈述;宣称;声称;辩解。2. statement made without proof (无证据的)陈词 5 J4 `- A4 _- u) i
你看,牛津高阶4里面,两个词的译文是一一对应的啊!3 s( J0 E' c6 g7 Y# N4 j
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韦氏高阶:
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& L. d) i* d! tallege(无确凿证据地)断言,宣称
* Y& i2 ~0 ]; `+ v# H& t \5 m# m* }4 Dallegation 指控" U$ H8 I1 j0 ~- v
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韦氏高阶的英文是平行的,汉译却截然不同,实在是……) O- L! ^' R$ O1 x5 ~! a
0 h3 X8 m. @9 o! Q朗文5:( f& t! T" G8 d2 z0 I8 w3 _7 `
/ v: n' f. s9 Wallege 〔在未经证实下〕断言,宣称,声称;指控
- n8 K2 T& ^$ ~2 \allegation 〔无证据的〕陈述,说法;指控 3 K" S5 @4 L8 l: C3 y* C
还有一大波像朗文5这样的词典,硬是要把「断言」跟「指控」放在一起说,我想请问译者同学,你们的《现代汉语词典》都还给体育老师了吗?
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还有一个终极boss,21世纪大英汉词典:
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& y3 u' ~! r: }: W/ k1.(独断地)宣称,声称;(尤指无根据地)断言;(证据不足或未经证实地)硬说:) r9 F8 i8 E( n- B
2.(作为抗辩、申诉、理由、借口、托辞、口实或论据等)提出;辩解:. o7 S& S" `9 w1 `6 j0 @- g* i, J
3.古语 引用,引证(作品、作家等);引(例);(作为权威)引证(for或against)2 o" l4 F' L! I
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allegation, B: E+ t4 j- Y, W3 q3 r" }: `9 D$ b
1.宣称;声称;断言
; X C' {* m6 H; {8 s1 J2.(无证据或有待证实的)陈述;说法;无根据的断言;空言;托辞;推诿;(提不出证据的)辩解
3 Y' @: T3 f4 l: g3.法律 主张;辩护;申辩,申诉;抗辩;事实陈述: Y9 N2 t# {. C. F* h* q
4.法律 (有待证实的)指控
, Y0 c, I: F) Y) p# F% U3 o [妈妈呀!「宣称」跟「主张」有什么区别,「申辩」跟「辩解」有什么区别,「事实陈述」不就是「宣称」吗,感觉我要去考一个汉语888级才能搞懂这些了。 L2 \$ J" y) N( X8 i
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其实allege和allegation的关系很简单,就是单纯的动词跟名词的关系,最常用的意义,直接照着ESL词典、新牛津给出的平行释义就行。
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0 |5 g# T* c$ w1 X# Q. V如果要做「大词典」,把古今意义都包进去,应该参考SOED,一家人整整齐齐收好,allege、allegation有几个意思是早已过时的,收进来,标明古义就行。- C/ V& l; ]( L Z" w
{8 F8 K2 x5 T! j! FSOED的释义是平行的,为什么英汉词典非要一锅煮、大杂烩、拉郎配,自己说不清楚,就堆砌词汇,弄得读者一头雾水呢?
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