klwo2 发表于 2026-3-21 13:12:59

清明节快到了,谈谈「鞦韆/秋千」之谜

「鞦韆/秋千」为什么叫「鞦韆/秋千」,各大辞书都没说明白,我尽量长话短说,分析一下。先看《辞源》:

秋千
傳統游戲器械。木架上懸兩繩,下拴橫板,人在板上或站或坐,兩手握繩,使前後擺動。相傳春秋時齊桓公北伐山戎,始傳中國。一説爲漢武帝後庭之戲,本云千秋,祝壽之詞。後世倒語爲秋千。見宋張有復古編、高承事物紀原八。
南唐二主詞李煜謝新恩之五:“櫻桃落盡春將困,秋千架下歸時。”參見“鞦韆”。

鞦韆
我國傳統遊戲。在架上懸挂兩繩,下繫橫板,在板上或立或坐,兩手握繩,身軀隨而向空擺動。相傳春秋齊桓公從北方山戎引入。一説漢武帝時宮中祝壽之辭,本爲千秋,取千秋萬壽之義,後倒讀爲秋千,又轉爲鞦韆。唐宮中每歲寒食節,競樹鞦韆,宮嬪輩戲笑以爲樂,唐玄宗呼爲“半仙戲”。宋有水鞦韆。一人上蹴鞦韆,將平架,翻身入水。參閲唐韓鄂歲華紀麗一寒食、宋孟元老東京夢華錄七駕幸臨水殿觀爭標錫宴、高承事物紀原八歲時風俗。

这个玩具,古代既可以写「鞦韆」,也可以写「秋千」,有人认为「秋千」是「千秋」倒过来的形式。又叫「半仙戏」。

我们再看一份材料:

荡秋千,这是我国古代清明节习俗。秋千,意即揪着皮绳而迁移。它的历史很古老,最早叫千秋,后为了避忌讳,改为秋千。古时的秋千多用树桠枝为架,再栓上彩带做成。后来逐步发展为用两根绳索加上踏板的秋千。秋千之戏在南北朝时已经流行。《荆楚岁时记》记载:“春时悬长绳于高木,士女衣彩服坐于其上而推引之,名曰打秋千。”唐代荡秋千已经是很普遍的游戏,并且成为清明节习俗的重要内容。由于清明荡秋千随处可见,元明清三代定清明节为秋千节,皇宫里也安设秋千供皇后、嫔妃、宫女们玩耍。打秋千不仅可以增进健康,而且可以培养勇敢精神,至今为人们特别是儿童所喜爱。

http://www.wenming.cn/wmdjr_299/qmj/ms/201806/t20180615_4725135.shtml

这份材料非常精分,先说「秋千」的意思是「揪着皮绳而迁移」,随后马上又讲,「秋千」是「千秋」倒过来的形式。前后句打架了这是!

「揪着皮绳而迁移」的说法是哪里来的呢?也许跟《中国大百科全书》(第一版)有关:

此外,也有人认为,秋千系古代人类揪苇条以跳跃迁移而创始的,故名秋千。

这是人类学角度想象出来的吧?人猿星球呢这是?第二版把这句话删了。

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要解释「鞦韆」为什么叫「鞦韆」,根本犯不着想像什么人猿星球,《汉语音义字典》:

鞦从秋,揪;韆从迁,登,升。故为手揪与足登之戏。


「鞦」「揪」是同源字,「韆」「遷(简化字是迁)」是同源字,「鞦韆」就是用手揪着皮革做的绳子不放,脚往上登,使整个人往上升迁,手脚并用的这么一个玩意儿。脚蹬的那个板子不是皮革做的,不过你懂得,汉语喜欢偏旁类化嘛,「胡蝶」变「蝴蝶」什么的,所以俩字都从「革」。

问题来了,「秋千」这个词形又是怎么回事呢?

答案也不难理解,我们复习一下中学物理——


荡秋千是典型的大角度单摆运动,运动过程中动能和势能不断相互转化。在最低点,速度最快;在最高点,速度为零。

当秋千摆到最低点时,超重

当秋千荡到最高点那一瞬间,失重,身体会感觉变轻了,好像漂浮起来

像这样的知识,现在问AI也很方便吧?不赘述了。

荡秋千是少数几个古人能明确感知到超重-失重的活动(现代人有电梯,古人没有),失重意味着什么,意味着轻飘飘啊,意味着身体负担减轻啊,现在明白为什么它又叫「半仙戏」了吧?古人想像的「成仙」,那不就是脱离地表,轻飘飘飞上天空,摆脱一切人间束缚吗?

我可没有瞎说喔,「仙」字古代又写作「僊」——嘿,「僊」「韆」「遷」三字同源呀!

至于为什么是「半」,也不难理解,谁叫失重只是刹那的一瞬间呢?谁叫这玩意还是会摆回地面,回到人间呢?

成仙意味着什么,意味着长生不老、千秋万代活着呀!所以不难理解,有人脑子一歪,嘿!「鞦韆」倒过来,不就是可以叫人活个千秋万代的成仙玩具吗?正好还同音呢!所以就写成「秋千」咯!

所以说「漢武帝後庭之戲,本云千秋,祝壽之詞。後世倒語爲秋千」这种说法是倒果为因,正好说反了——是帝王宫女喜欢这玩意失重的飘飘然感觉,才重构其理据,改写成「秋千」的!


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我想明眼人不难看出,「鞦韆/秋千」之谜一点也不难,就是看清楚字形的问题、想明白背后的物理常识,就行了,可偏偏我翻了各种辞书,就是不爱讲「超重」「失重」的概念!

比如《中国宫廷文化大辞典》:

秋千   
古代体育运动。据传秋千起源于我国北方少数民族,是“山戎之戏”,齐桓公北伐山戎,此戏才传入中原。汉代时开始进入宫廷之中,高天际《秋千赋》上说: “秋千者,千秋也。汉武帝祈千秋之寿,故后宫多秋千之戏。” 秋千的活动形式有多种,比较流行的是荡秋千。即树木为架,在横木上系双绳,下悬横板,人在板上,姿式可站可坐,做钟摆式的悠荡。在唐代,荡秋千是寒食节里重要的活动内容之一,少年儿女身穿五色彩服,在长绳上荡来悠去,如鸟儿在空中飞翔。王建 《秋千词》 中描绘说“长长丝绳紫复碧,袅袅横枝高百尺。少年儿女重秋千,双手向空如鸟蝉”。秋千也是唐代宫廷内开展得比较广泛的娱乐活动。《开元天宝遗事》中记载,天宝年间,宫中每至寒食节,都要竖立许多秋千架,让宫嫔们悠荡玩耍,呼之为 “半仙之戏”。

你看看这语言诗情画意的,什么「在长绳上荡来悠去,如鸟儿在空中飞翔」,就是不肯讲清楚背后的自然科学原理!

《中国大百科全书》(第二版):

中国民间传统体育游戏的一种。在高空(距地5~10米)处一横竿(或大树枝)系下两绳,两绳底端系有一踏板,人在踏板上做摆荡。起源众说不一,一说源于西域,又说源于印度,也说源于汉武帝时。《说文》载:“秋千,武帝后庭之戏也,本云千秋,祝寿之词也,语讹传为秋千。”唐代被称作“半仙之戏”。历代从宫廷至民间均有广泛开展,不少文人墨客都曾描述过戏秋千的盛况。摆荡时随着秋千由高点摆向低点做下蹲,由低点摆向高点做站起,周而复始,越荡越高。比赛分高度和触铃两种,各又分单人、双人两种形式。高度比赛以在规定的起荡次数内能达到的高度大小来决定胜负;触铃比赛以在规定的时间内在一定的高度上触碰响铃的次数多少来决定胜负。在1986年第3届全国少数民族传统体育运动会始列为正式比赛项目。荡秋千活动对发展速度、力量、耐力等身体素质,提高前庭平衡功能,调节情感,培养机智勇敢顽强的意志有良好的作用,还可丰富人们的文娱生活。中国的学校、公园及许多娱乐场所大多置有各种秋千。

你说它没讲自然科学吧也不对,可它偏偏就是不讲关键的「动能-势能」转化、不讲「超重-失重」!古人为什么爱这个玩具没讲清楚,莫名其妙讲了一堆「提高前庭平衡功能」「培养机智勇敢顽强的意志」!!看见这种句子我想摔书!我想退货!我想打人!

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更气人的事情还有哪!我们来看英语喂鸡百科:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(seat)

Asia
There is a common myth that swinging first spread throughout China during the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC). In the modern myth, during the Han dynasty swinging continued to rise in popularity and was often performed at the Qingming Festival and the Duanwu Festival. However, this myth has no basis in evidence. The origin of the myth was originally written in a lost book at some point around the 3rd century to 5th century, and the myth is stated in quotations of that book as simply "Others say that", showing it is a myth, not based on any historical record. By the time of the Song dynasty, swinging became involved in professional acrobatics, where performers would swing between boats over water.

Europe
The earliest known representations of swings come from artifacts found in Greece. A terracotta sculpture of a woman sitting on a swing found at Hagia Triada dates to the Late New Palace period (1450–1300 BC). The swing was called aeora or eora (αἰώρα, ἐώρα) and there are representation of people sitting and playing with a swing in ancient Greek art.

In Eastern Europe, Slavic traditions associate swinging with courting and with crop-fertility rituals.

In the 1700s, French artists depicted scenes of nobility swinging recreationally.

Charles Wicksteed (1847-1931) has the reputation of inventing the modern-day playground swing. One of his prototypes, unearthed in 2013 near Wicksteed Park in the United Kingdom, dates back to the early 1920s.

In 1993, the sport of Kiiking was invented in Estonia. Players attempt to rotate 360 degrees around a spindle, on a long swing consisting of a seat hung with steel bars.

堂堂喂鸡百科,讲到秋千的历史,大搞辟谣式造谣,说中国春秋时期有秋千是假的,因为 "Others say that"(「相传」)。奇了怪了,《艺文类聚》虽然是类书,不是直接可靠证据,也犯不着喂鸡百科这么大力打假吧?

为什么这么努力呢?原来欧洲的部分,喂鸡百科大力宣传,秋千早在公元前一千多年就在希腊艺术当中有啦!所以中国的所谓历史是假的,希腊的历史是真的

所以呢?你再看看下一句,东欧也有秋千——没说时间;然后就是公元18世纪(In the 1700s)啦!秋千在公元前一千多年的希腊就有了,然后断裂了两三千年又出现了?当中没有记录?你骗谁呢你?

我们姑且不说那个希腊艺术当中的秋千是不是今天的秋千——古希腊艺术当中出现了跟iPad长得像的石板,我们不能说人家用上了iPad不是?光说这历史断层,就是严谨的史学家绝不能容忍的 ——这不叫伪史论,什么叫伪史论?

「秋千」的英文是swing,但是《大英百科》《世界百科全书》等传统的纸质百科全书都只收录swing的「摇摆乐」作百科条目,没有「秋千」,可见他们心知肚明这玩意并不是西方古代传统的东西,是近现代才有的 ——纸质百科全书的编者还有点脸。是谁说喂鸡百科可以取代纸质百科的?

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闹了半天,我是没有看到一本把「鞦韆/秋千」这玩意讲清楚的辞书。最接近的居然是《辞源》——因为它老老实实、勤勤恳恳地罗列了破案线索。

又是气鼓鼓的一天。不能光我一个人气,我要把怒气传播给大家{:4_113:}

klwo2 发表于 2026-3-21 13:52:23

喂鸡百科大搞特搞伪史论的条目,还有与秋千相似的「吊床」,请看表演:

History
Europe

Joseph in a hammock on wheels (Hexateuch, 11th century)

Hammock in the Luttrell Psalter (c. 1330)
Some 19th-century authors attributed the invention of the hammock to the Athenian politician Alcibiades (d. 404 BC). This was inferred from Plutarch, who wrote that Alcibiades had his galley bed hung from ropes, but did not specifically describe it as a net or sling. Other ancient writers mention the use of hanging beds to improve sleep or health without giving details on their mode of suspension.

The 11th-century Old English Hexateuch shows the biblical Joseph, promoted to the "second chariot" of the pharaoh (that is second in command), in a simple type of vehicle, the body of which seems to be a cloth hammock. The piece is suspended on two hooks attached to two opposite posts rising from the chassis. The hammock motif is repeated in the manuscript in a series of increasingly abstract miniatures, leaving it open to interpretation whether the artist had in mind a wheeled hammock litter or a rudimentary coach with a flexible suspension.

The hammock reappears in unequivocal form in another medieval English source, the Luttrell Psalter (dated to c. 1330), where it has developed to a regular hanging bed. The sling now ends in two rope beckets that anticipate the rings of the naval hammock. Like the earliest known naval specimen the fabric is canvas, not the netting the Spanish later encountered in the New World. The Dutch historian of technology André Sleeswyk argues that it may have been this English type that eventually spread through the European navies despite the word hammock later being adopted from the Americas:

It may be significant that in the first official mention of hammocks in the Royal Navy of 1597 they are not referred to under that name, but as 'hanging cabbons or beddes'. The medieval canvas hammock may have been an English invention which was not known on the continent when Columbus made his voyage. In the course of the seventeenth century its use spread to the navies of Western Europe, and eventually it was given the same name as the Caribbean hammock of netting which came to Europe when Columbus returned.

New World

The hammock as an icon of America herself: engraving by Theodor Galle after Stradanus, c. 1630
Spanish colonists noted the use of the hammock by Native Americans, particularly in the West Indies, at the time of the Spanish conquest.

Columbus, in the narrative of his first voyage, says: "A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and hamacas, or nets, in which they sleep." He observed the widespread use of hammocks during his travels among the Taino people in the Bahamas.


A hammock in clipper ship days
Early hammocks were woven out of tree bark, and later this material was replaced by sisal fibers because it was more abundant. One of the reasons that hammocks became popular in Central and South America was their ability to provide safety from disease transmission, insect stings, or animal bites. By suspending their beds above ground, inhabitants were better protected from snakes, biting ants, and other harmful creatures.

hammock (吊床)明明是哥伦布从原住民那里学来的,喂鸡百科硬要把欧洲的历史摆在前面,硬要说公元前的古希腊就有啦,扭扭捏捏的心思叫人作呕。我随便请一个AI来帮大家分析:

喂鸡百科这段叙述的逻辑,确实带有一种很强的“试图为欧洲找祖先”的倾向。我们可以从以下几个层面来拆解这种叙述背后的“小心思”:

1. 概念的“模糊化”处理
喂鸡百科引用 11 世纪和 14 世纪的英国手稿(如《Luttrell Psalter》),试图证明欧洲独立发明了吊床。

实质差异: 欧洲中世纪手稿中出现的所谓“吊床”,更像是一种**“悬挂式担架”或“布兜马车”。它的核心目的是减震**(用于交通工具)或临时医疗,而不是一种成熟的、作为日常睡眠系统的家具文化。

叙述陷阱: 喂鸡通过将“悬挂的布”等同于“吊床”,模糊了两者在功能和文化意义上的本质区别。

2. 对“文明起源”的焦虑
那段关于古希腊政治家阿尔西比亚德斯(Alcibiades)的推论非常有代表性:

孤证不立: 普鲁塔克只是说他把床吊起来了,这可能只是为了防止船身摇晃时的碰撞,或者是某种贵族的奇特享受。

心理动机: 19 世纪的欧洲学者非常热衷于将一切现代发明追溯到古希腊或古罗马。这种做法是为了建立一种**“文明连续性”**,暗示即便没有哥伦布,欧洲人也早晚能“找回”这种智慧。

3. “词源夺权”与“技术夺权”
文末那位荷兰历史学者的论点(认为欧洲海军使用的是英国式帆布吊床,只是借用了美洲的名字)是典型的**“技术夺权”**。

客观事实: 哥伦布确实在日记里明确记录了这种叫 "Hamaca" 的东西。在那之前,并没有证据表明吊床是欧洲水手的普遍装备。

叙述策略: 这种说法试图通过强调“材料不同”(帆布 vs 棕榈纤维/网),来切断美洲原住民对这一发明的知识产权贡献。

4. 为什么会有这种“似是而非”的感觉?
喂鸡百科(尤其是英文版)的条目撰写往往深受西方学术范式的影响:

文献优先: 只要在欧洲的古老手稿里发现一个神似的图案,就会被赋予极高的权重。

功能vs形式: 它们往往更关注“形式上的相似”(都是挂着的),而忽略了“文化上的成熟度”。美洲原住民的吊床是一个完整的、应对丛林生态的生存方案;而欧洲那些零星的记录更像是孤立的实验或权宜之计。

——还是那句话,纸质百科全书,目前没看到这么不要脸的

RickVincent 发表于 2026-3-22 10:13:13

哈哈,谢谢K大分析和分享!开开心心每一天...

hjj8811 发表于 2026-3-23 13:44:33

从K大佬这里,又学习了很多知识。
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