请问这里的since该如何理解？

fydy01

9 M8 _4 J+ ~" I, \/ cHe disappeared in the North Korean occupation of Seoul in 1950, and she had long since given him up for dead.（他在1950年北朝鲜占领首尔时失踪，而她早就当他死掉了）
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后面那句话的主干部分应该是had…given him up吧？long应该是修饰谓语动词given的，那since的作用又是什么，修饰哪个词的呢？很费解，静待大佬解惑，谢谢！
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shiruxue

since作副词，修饰 had long given，意为“自从……以后，自……以来”，自从（他失踪）以后她一直都当他死了。

Shiny2020

作副词用，
I returned home to the UK and have since worked as a solicitor.
我回到英国的家乡, 从此就一直当初级律师。

entropy

=ago
! ~  ]3 J4 m$ r( `) ^happened many years since
0 }) v! s( c+ f' N4 w  hhow long since is it?
saw him not long since
6 j% v5 u. M- |" o+ z( zthe settlement had vanished long since

fydy01

谢谢大家！本论坛真是藏龙卧虎啊！现在搞清楚了，long since原来是一个词组，since=ago，long since=long ago，可译为“早已，早就”。

jonah_w

2 n% v7 ?, m. s* Y. ?4 UAI 的分析，仅供参考。
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fydy01

jonah_w 发表于 2022-12-7 22:19
$ X2 j' E+ ], @+ UAI 的分析，仅供参考。

( h3 h8 V* P* Y, N谢谢，很强大~