什么时候使用 过去完成时

吕下阿蒙

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' |. \; x9 B; z, |2 k# L4 N: O众所周知，过去完成时 就是“过去的过去”，在过去式的时间点上的过去，需要使用过去完成时。
但是在平时的阅读中，经常发现一些情况也是属于“过去的过去”，但是作者并没有使用过去完成时。
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如今天CNN的一篇报道。

...
Nonproliferation experts who spoke with CNN say Netanyahu provided no evidence that Iran contravened the terms of the agreement. Moreover, they say there was nothing new in Netanyahu's speech. And the other signatories to the JCPOA, with the notable exception of America, agree with that assessment.
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"There's nothing new in the material that Netanyahu revealed yesterday. All of it was information that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) already had and has already commented on," said Mark Fitzpatrick, executive director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies and an expert on nonproliferation.

Echoing Fitzpatrick is Jeffrey Lewis, another nonproliferation expert and scholar the Middlebury Institute of International Studies. "Everything Netanyahu said from the name of that [Iranian nuclear development] plan down to the fine details was described in the IAEA's final report about Iran's nuclear weapons program, so there was nothing new about the scope of that program."

Both experts agreed on the most surprising element of Netanyahu's presentation -- that Israel had managed to acquire what appeared to be a large portion of Iran's nuclear archive in what Netanyahu called one of the country's greatest "intelligence achievements." US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo endorsed the authenticity of the materials.

...

2 ]) d- O7 d+ f+ i按说前两处也是“过去的过去”啊，为什么就没有使用完成时呢？而第三处的manage却要使用完成时？

meowgood

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0 Y* _9 s- {* ~  R" v* b5 j: J8 l' ?这个，过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。
第一个没有结果，第二个也没有结果，都是描述过去发生的事实（或者人说的话）和前面句子没有因果关系，第三个是manage to do sth 后面这一大句，设法在过去做了某事，来达到这个结果（surprise，大家因为xx做了xx感觉非常吃惊），所以第三个要用过去完成时。

VincentQiu

第一句：Nonproliferation experts who spoke with CNN say Netanyahu provided no evidence that Iran contravened the terms of the agreement
相对于Experts say来说 Provided和Contravened都是发生在过去，两个之前并没有明显的前后关系，所以我认为Contravened没错
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第二句：Everything Netanyahu said from the name of that [Iranian nuclear development] plan down to the fine details was described in the IAEA's final report about Iran's nuclear weapons program

4 j2 M1 w8 `" i+ i8 g# z3 S, bNetanyahu said 和 was described同样没有明显的前后关系，所以was described没有问题

第三句比较明显有前后关系：Both experts agreed on the most surprising element of Netanyahu's presentation -- that Israel had managed t
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( V$ @  q( \+ `+ aagreed on Israel had managed。。
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个人理解，请指教

meowgood

VincentQiu 发表于 2018-5-6 19:51
第一句：Nonproliferation experts who spoke with CNN say Netanyahu provided no evidence that Iran con ...

对，就是这个思路