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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-11-22 14:26 编辑 " ^; ~8 q) z/ q
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irony的意思是反话,把话反着说,正的说成反的,好的说成坏的,不是为了骗人,而是为了修辞。
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说反话,跟「讽刺别人」,不是一回事。讽刺别人的时候,可以通过说反话的手段来实现,也可以不用。: D h1 f# O& N9 ^
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汉语大词典「讽刺」:「以婉言隐语相讥刺」。通过其他委婉的手段批评人,也叫讽刺,不是非要说反话不可。
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8 m3 h* t( } ]5 a) W/ m英语里面,satire 才是「讽刺」,irony不是「讽刺」,irony只是「说反话」而已。这个问题,英英词典都说得很清楚:
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World Book Dictionary
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) A+ B t& f+ \Irony, sarcasm, satire are humorous forms of expression. Irony consists in deliberately saying the opposite of what one means, relying on tone of voice or on context to indicate one’s real intent:7 D/ J- D( E, v1 g D+ J! N- D
that noble and loyal patriot, Benedict Arnold.
# N# Z1 a$ B8 |3 x8 NIn sarcasm the aim is to hurt someone’s feelings and so, whether stated ironically or not, it is always cruel and biting:2 w7 J* R. V# D% F: k' ?) i
When a boy refers to another boy as “mamma’s little darling,” he is using sarcasm.8 m. w- L& I$ W0 a+ U2 V _
In satire the aim is to expose and attack vice or folly, using irony, sarcasm, or other forms of humor to do so:- b+ _+ m o" L2 ~0 {
In “Gulliver’s Travels” Jonathan Swift makes notable use of satire. ( F2 ^/ X# U. b! f3 [( L" E c
可惜英汉词典依然执迷不悟,天天给莘莘学子灌输irony=「讽刺」,灌输完了还打广告说自己「特别能解决中国学生的困惑」!!!!3 N$ R! _( Z4 n7 M! m& ~1 c% J0 d+ S4 ~: \
, K: u8 G9 P/ v, c$ ~8 H建宏e世代
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; j0 ~( N8 W7 T* e( e释义里说是「讽刺」。跑到字辨里却变成了「反语」,莘莘学子看了怎能不崩溃跳楼?
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1 m e$ o" G: [% J) |1 d受此影响,苏格拉底的irony也有一堆英汉词典解释不清楚。
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7 Y: i- m2 r+ c8 F9 X——————————————————————————————————————————————————
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其实irony 完全可以换用其他汉语词语来解释嘛!个个都说汉语博大精深,翻译英文的时候,「博大精深」四个字到哪里去了?
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2 e4 z" e9 M) |+ ?( i我主张,irony 在有的时候可以翻成「倒错」「颠倒错乱」,因为:
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+ B* i2 T/ J& V1. 英英词典解释「irony」,常常用opposite、contrary、reverse来解释,就是反了,倒了,和「倒错」意思一致。
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新牛津:: p2 H5 S9 K3 H- X5 ? P+ P
- E1 u$ V6 @2 X$ R: T7 u" ja state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result
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韦氏高阶:
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a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be the opposite of what you expected
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4 e4 B4 W9 z+ @' p! o# F* XRandom House Webster's Unabridged:: `* A, X* K# h. L0 {1 m/ X
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an outcome of events contrary to what was, or might have been, expected.
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a state of affairs or events that is the reverse of what was or was to be expected : a result opposite to and as if in mockery of the appropriate result <the ~ of fate> 3 J$ t) O: E3 o1 l+ l# N
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辞源3「倒错」:
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2. 英英词典几乎从来不用satire 来解释irony,但有辞书用perverse来解释irony。perverse/perversion/perversity有对译词「倒错」5 Q* K+ d& m6 G) l! ^. S/ H0 Z
( Z- I" i5 z0 ^. f牛津高阶双解(第四版)
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4 v2 e/ k, Z& T: t! u% c( ksituation, event, etc that is desirable in itself but so unexpected or ill-timed that it appears to be deliberately perverse ……(其本身未始不可取,但因出人意料或来非其时而似故意乖违):
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6 d9 l4 z A- ^# y" d9 Z4 M) zHe inherited a fortune but died a month later; one of life's little ironies.他继承一笔遗产后一个月就死了,有点时乖命蹇吧。
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牛津高阶4双解并没有彻底戒掉「讽刺」,但是译者显然注意到这个词的麻烦之处了,所以引入「乖违」「时乖命蹇」来调和。比张口闭口只会说「讽刺」俩字的译者强。1 J" h$ D( Y3 V* B% O8 `' U
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Concise Oxford Dictionary 9th
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an ill-timed or perverse arrival of an event or circumstance that is in itself desirable.
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牛津高阶4用perverse,是继承的COD。我说过了,早期的牛津高阶,跟COD很亲。' H4 S, G6 E) S! u9 D" L
; s2 n' N, B0 X1 |, ?& {4 _+ wUniversal Dictionary of the English Language [Henry Cecil Wyld],说perversity:
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还有辞书用incongruity来解释irony。incongruity是「不一致」「不协调」,跟「错位」接近。; x% t# d3 G5 Y
5 v$ A9 G3 u2 Y# JAmerican Heritage Dictionary:
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Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs
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+ t. q" L1 x2 ~ O5 b1 pMerriam-Webster:
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incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the normal or expected result : T# e0 j, o2 i L
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3. 从英英词典的解释可以看出:irony的本质是「反着来」「倒着来」「说反话」,可是附加的意思可以很多,「strange/funny/amusing/sad」这些层面都可以随着上下文出现。) L, f0 l% @, i" S. H: u
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2013年OED修订这个词的时候,说这词的内涵丰富着哪,干脆指示读者去翻阅书籍、论文!
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% A4 ~8 `4 v' H+ S+ C0 [2 EFor a fuller discussion see E. N. Hutchens ‘The Identification of Irony’ in ELH (1960) 27 352-63 and N. Knox The Word 'Irony' & its Context, 1500–1755 (1961).
$ ?# ]8 O/ |5 s2 Y1 m2 w与此相比,英汉词典的译者呆若木鸡,不知变通,看见irony只会说「讽刺」,不是很荒唐吗?!更不要说satire 才是「讽刺」,irony根本不是。
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) W) H$ Q" G+ u) `7 I$ T! B! m; H& [' \irony 表达「opposite、contrary」的层面,内涵简单,「倒错」有,「讽刺」没有
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1 d' x* D _! F! Y) h, v# b表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」的层面,内涵复杂,「倒错」「讽刺」都没有
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所以在翻译的时候,要想把两面都照顾到,需要看准语境,适当加一些词,比如「啼笑皆非」「又好笑又可悲又好气」3 J! l8 F2 F- G" G. M$ X2 t2 }. Q
) y; \$ S3 a5 d8 w0 W( y" R7 Z) d「命运的讽刺」,可以改说「像是命运偏跟人作对,偏跟人反着来」。也可以说「命运的嘲弄」,「嘲弄」对应英英词典释义说的mockery(as if in mockery of the appropriate result)。
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下面改译一些句子:
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- P0 o* l) X1 z6 xThe tragic irony is that the drug was supposed to save lives.
9 A( w/ a& \$ h7 c& f可悲的讽刺在于,这药本来是用来挽救生命的。3 @" `$ `* {+ c5 R! W/ r
怎奈造化弄人,这药原本是救命用的。(「造化弄人」「命运的嘲弄」=mockery(as if in mockery of the appropriate result))+ d/ A6 L( e$ B& H1 k- S0 H: F d
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The ultimate irony is that the revolution, rather than bringing freedom, actually ended it completely. C, y! q* ^; K
革命非但没有带来自由,反而是完全结束了自由,这真是莫大的讽刺。% N1 s$ w( r2 J. E
革命非但没有带来自由,反倒是彻底结束了自由,这着实荒唐透顶。(「反倒」表达「opposite、contrary」,「荒唐」表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」) |9 u5 L: d! G' L: ?, `# M5 _
( Z* ^: J/ m0 _0 V% aIt is a nice irony that the rivalry among popes was solved by their ancient rival, the Holy Roman Emperor.- f, N9 j7 H5 a$ u& I
教皇之间的争斗竟然由他们的老对手神圣罗马帝国皇帝解决了,这简直是绝妙的讽刺。
6 w+ Q7 D* U; B9 E& C1 d, q几个教皇你争我斗,最后竟然由他们的宿敌,也就是神圣罗马皇帝摆平了,这么颠倒错乱的事情,实在是绝了。(「颠倒错乱」表达两个层面)' O2 V7 ^+ w5 L0 P7 ~! o
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$ g7 m1 O5 ~( J" E% T, I) C; kIt was an irony that the firehouse burned.
5 z7 w8 Y% O5 d; G消防站被火烧了,这可是个讽刺。
6 N9 J* _0 ^8 `: J q' j6 i3 O6 y消防站被火烧了,真叫人笑也不是,哭也不是。(表达「strange/funny/amusing/sad」,笑、哭本来就是反义词,隐含「opposite、contrary」)( ?+ e+ ]" s e( Z8 X$ ?1 P; b' w
$ R# H3 U1 D% s! WOpposition parties lost no time in stressing the irony of his return to power after being rejected by voters in November.
. g/ {" |0 x+ Z$ E: Y他11月份被选民否决后再次上台, 反对党立刻对这件事的讽刺性大做文章。
2 }# ^$ L# u1 T: E. H, [ a0 G% i5 O他11月份被选民整下来以后,再次上台执政,反对党立刻大做文章,使劲宣扬此事有多么荒诞、多么颠倒错乱。(怎么听着像是韩国瑜?)" ]; k2 B9 x9 g# @
) I$ T3 H e/ q* a' x还有一些很简单的句子,应该是「说反话」,无奈某些英汉译者脑子里缺根弦,只知道「讽刺」:
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, A( \+ N: w; F: e& AWagner calls his program ‘the worst talk show in America,’ without a hint of irony. 3 t* Z7 c: Y: {" Z. A K0 H" a
瓦格纳不带一丝讽刺,称他的节目是“美国最糟糕的访谈节目”。
8 @5 u( V- `' z3 q6 Z0 p0 x3 M瓦格纳说他的节目是“全美国最烂的访谈节目”,这不是说反话。: I) z1 O" ?0 A+ e/ D n G) A
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'England is famous for its food,' she said with heavy irony.) {: I, P! D. a5 {. Y" l! R
“英格兰的食物很有名哪。” 她极其讽刺地说道。
+ E# a. |2 g# J( y“英格兰是出了名的美食多啊/英格兰菜是出了名的好吃啊。” 她故意说反话。(牛津高阶4还是「说反话」,牛津高阶8就变成了「讽刺」,可谓每下愈况……)
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