|
|
; O& ?4 {& t" e8 N; V5 }首先请参考George Chen的《CALD4使用心得》https://pdawiki.com/forum/thread-10995-1-1.html
, N1 C. _& ^8 F# L1 B; M# k
+ S; v) X! x! H: j; f2 L& ?摘录Chen文
/ q% B, i' M0 J) W
4 |, A) ?2 ~9 J# e$ f1.7 c. Q0 y: Z$ }# Y
從內容看，四版與三版最大差別在常用字標示系統的變更，三版時，以 E (Essential), I (Improver), A (Advanced) 三個等級表示語料庫出現的頻率，分別是每一千萬字出現的次數為 400、200 到 400，以及 100 到 200 次。而且常用度標示的基礎是收錄詞條底下的定義，不是粗糙地標注在收錄詞條上。某個字是否常用，通常不是該字的所有定義整體一致的表現，尤其一字多義的字，可能僅只少數幾個定義常用，其他就很普通。CALD3 深入定義標示，做法精確，提供另一種不同角度的觀察方向。( I8 i# z) M7 y! G
3 Q2 b( m+ {( k5 [5 F$ Z: v( q y, v
到了 CALD4，常用度標示看不到 E, I, A 的方式，取而代之的是 A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2。原來整套系統改採 Common European Framework of Reference 的定義模式，其大致架構如下：. P5 j* h" D e: Y
" m% b- h. S7 Q# ]+ B3 g3 o
A Basic User
" J' m. R9 S+ J( w- FA1 Breakthrough or beginner) x% R; O, L0 ^! a8 k- W
A2 Waystage or elementary
4 n% |: a1 f7 S o+ d: {B Independent User
/ ~/ @% D/ {$ S. l2 x# c$ kB1 Threshold or intermediate
8 P6 S* D& s1 }; R0 }: K0 IB2 Vantage or upper intermediate" U, p) t0 G0 I. o/ ~6 ~( M4 T
C Proficient User6 c5 J; B: T' W( i9 M' W4 f' V
C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or advanced
, v F9 t5 b* WC2 Mastery or proficiency, ]# J) a$ d% E1 [( g: U4 @
9 c1 l; U/ A- \: R9 y0 h7 ? U每個等級的詳細定義可以參考 Wikipedia 的說明。這樣一套標準，比較是人為定義出來的，其主觀的成分自然比客觀的統計來得高些。或許，連「常用度」這名稱都不太適合這樣的設計方式。雖然，最常出現的字與最該認得的字大部分都會重疊，但畢竟兩者背後的理論架構是不一樣的。
- s* S* Q6 m! E2 ~2 Y; E2 n2.
; B4 N* Q; w1 {% f9 G接下來就把焦點聚焦到定義上。其實，光是這重點，我花了極長時間，比較 CALD3 與 CALD4 定義文字的差別，甚至將 OALD8 的定義納入一起比較。
" s" D" J6 n% v! h8 Q% R) Y4 V9 f
$ [/ y- v+ j6 @% `新字或還在演進中的字，定義隨之更新是很自然的，如 smartphone 在 CALD3 的定義寫著 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer，到了 CALD4 變成 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer and that connects to the internet。要比較定義的品質，看舊字比較真實。 C9 J) \8 _" }) V5 i
0 h# D5 i" M+ p }0 t' z. [noughties: noun[plural]: {' C7 O `6 `3 ~( H0 ]2 [
● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century ─ CALD39 E2 X4 k6 f. D1 F
● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century, usually 2000-2010 ─ CALD4$ y( T" T1 k# e2 K; _* h% M. }
- s( @+ {- u9 S# k$ I- j0 L
Price 的定義，前後兩版共有的是 the amount of money for which something is sold。CALD4 多了一個 the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for getting or doing something。9 h2 ]: L% Y* a( v3 ]( K$ [# H9 }5 [
! l0 a2 c! ?7 L, b8 c. u# a
ban: v. [T usually passive]
% n. ~8 {7 s( L● to forbid (= refuse to allow), especially officially ─ CALD3: p9 [. ?+ T$ Q
● to forbid (= refuse to allow) something, especially officially ─ CALD4
% m) W' U, ]% x' S9 W三版的定義確有改進空間。2 e" N: _" e E% F
3 d* o" W# m* {7 A
destiny: n.+ K; Q7 R/ b( H5 n5 U" V3 J4 r* D
● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people ─ CALD3
- T) O+ g' U, a7 b) a: l6 n● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and is outside human control ─ CLAD43 O) ~+ `* y+ n
四版的定義更精簡易懂。* w- x B1 u' s/ U& ~! o8 _# u. z
5 T& \( L% p6 \
thrash: vt. [informal]
' j. P; ~/ }, q4 F( ?" @● to defeat someone thoroughly in a game or sports competition ─ CALD3: D! Q |+ F! {
● to defeat someone very easily in a game or sports competition ─ CALD49 h: e& C: G6 s8 p
前後版語意不盡相同，稍有調整。
. o2 p h$ \) O0 R, K* L8 T7 r6 @9 b n _0 C P5 T# O" l1 S
implement: vt.
3 z8 s% q0 U# T7 ]% N● to put a plan or system into operation ─ CALD3
$ e% {, a" O; v0 t* d● to start using a plan or system ─ CALD4
; a' F" z+ f7 S$ K7 J' `+ z) K k. U! z
implement: n.
7 h; e# H s- @, u: P1 _+ `● a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD3! f, O- X+ |- [1 n* y
● a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD4$ t5 e& V, ~/ v" V& U
第四版在很多原來用 which 的地方改用 that，底下 incentive 又是一例。
: ?2 h4 R; q! _8 Y4 b: r
: l: H& \2 U4 M% t0 v+ Rincentive: n.
! r( ~' ?7 H, A* m, E4 R% ?● something which encourages a person to do something ─ CALD3# t2 i, g/ {) {0 r& V5 Q1 H
● something that encourages a person to do something ─ CALD4
) E* m# O8 y, }5 K$ T' N5 i; ^6 _3 o+ U' B. W+ B
allegation: n.
; e( B% l, G- }# u● a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal ─ CALD3, B) Q/ N! A7 a0 E+ ?% g
● a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal that has not been proved to be true ─ CALD4
$ s7 z4 t% E4 R. d5 T! r' o8 m四版的定義改動不小，似乎也比較精準。
8 U- M6 O/ s' w- f% \% {
k2 ~ r4 L; [. Z r3 O2 N- X3.
" ^: q; ^$ p* O2 u: q其他一些零星發現。將兩個單字分別截頭去尾組合成新單字，如 breakfast + lunch → brunch； net + citizen → netizen； satellite + navigation → satnav，這樣的組合字在英文裡有個特定名稱 “portmanteau word”，CALD3 雖有 portmanteau，卻沒有 portmanteau word 這詞條，第四版就收錄進來了，LDOCE5、MED2、OALD8 則早已收錄。friend 底下多了動詞，語意是 to invite someone to be your friend on a social networking，還有片語 with friends like you, who needs enemies? 另外，rumor mill, quantitative easing, … 這些媒體常用字也都在這版出現了。
. t) B. @2 J2 S2 u4 b- M( R* ?) S
+ v8 c+ H4 X, c2 N+ jCALD4 封面特別強調 “Focus on Writing Section”，到底裡面添加什麼獨家秘笈，號稱能幫助學習者提升寫作能力？原來是印刷版中間位置附了三十頁 (C1-C30) 的 Focus on Writing 寫作要領，內容如何不必多說，我附一張這三十頁資料的目錄讓大家看，聰明的讀者不妨想想，短短三十頁要涵蓋這麼多內容，能談出有深度的見解嗎？更無法理解的是，這份三十頁的資料在光碟版裡找不到。 |
|
发表于 2013-10-21 07:39:23
楼主
