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9 N9 O; ^# ~1 y: m首先请参考George Chen的《CALD4使用心得》https://pdawiki.com/forum/thread-10995-1-1.html
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, W: b! C# t3 P$ \9 o) N: e4 s摘录Chen文" \- u5 N( l& w0 h9 Q0 h
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從內容看,四版與三版最大差別在常用字標示系統的變更,三版時,以 E (Essential), I (Improver), A (Advanced) 三個等級表示語料庫出現的頻率,分別是每一千萬字出現的次數為 400、200 到 400,以及 100 到 200 次。而且常用度標示的基礎是收錄詞條底下的定義,不是粗糙地標注在收錄詞條上。某個字是否常用,通常不是該字的所有定義整體一致的表現,尤其一字多義的字,可能僅只少數幾個定義常用,其他就很普通。CALD3 深入定義標示,做法精確,提供另一種不同角度的觀察方向。2 [( }1 K; o& e' D' D5 H
' e& o0 v% V3 q$ N; _3 T1 Y到了 CALD4,常用度標示看不到 E, I, A 的方式,取而代之的是 A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2。原來整套系統改採 Common European Framework of Reference 的定義模式,其大致架構如下:9 Q3 W4 F2 S1 \# E0 s) \, F
& M5 M8 D6 X$ w# k0 t- XA Basic User# x% T% R6 V) L, \* G% A
A1 Breakthrough or beginner1 J& ?/ r, q9 R; r' Z5 ^
A2 Waystage or elementary8 U8 [( L3 X$ c
B Independent User8 R! F- R6 u# ~/ e7 i$ y, Z5 p
B1 Threshold or intermediate5 x1 }1 o( Q4 l+ `
B2 Vantage or upper intermediate* o- o/ _9 u; u( ~$ m/ a
C Proficient User% o7 ~" G# b# h
C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or advanced
4 `# | T' H0 RC2 Mastery or proficiency. b& Z! L/ p9 @. |" @0 m+ J# a( ~
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每個等級的詳細定義可以參考 Wikipedia 的說明。這樣一套標準,比較是人為定義出來的,其主觀的成分自然比客觀的統計來得高些。或許,連「常用度」這名稱都不太適合這樣的設計方式。雖然,最常出現的字與最該認得的字大部分都會重疊,但畢竟兩者背後的理論架構是不一樣的。 . H0 e! `% F2 ?
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接下來就把焦點聚焦到定義上。其實,光是這重點,我花了極長時間,比較 CALD3 與 CALD4 定義文字的差別,甚至將 OALD8 的定義納入一起比較。% J& H6 L7 j/ Z' h* x, z5 x# B
* l6 N8 j/ g& a新字或還在演進中的字,定義隨之更新是很自然的,如 smartphone 在 CALD3 的定義寫著 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer,到了 CALD4 變成 a mobile phone that can be used as a small computer and that connects to the internet。要比較定義的品質,看舊字比較真實。
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noughties: noun[plural]6 \1 G" b3 |. L! Z* Q
● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century ─ CALD3
* U$ ?! s2 y' q; `3 R● the period of years between 00 and 10 in any century, usually 2000-2010 ─ CALD4
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' y. P# \( _ v0 r6 y3 A& GPrice 的定義,前後兩版共有的是 the amount of money for which something is sold。CALD4 多了一個 the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for getting or doing something。
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ban: v. [T usually passive]
8 C5 j. v, z) K! M: @ a( H● to forbid (= refuse to allow), especially officially ─ CALD3& V |$ E+ {6 p- t0 ]3 W
● to forbid (= refuse to allow) something, especially officially ─ CALD4
- s' O, h, G9 `* r8 A$ ~0 ?三版的定義確有改進空間。
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destiny: n.
; O5 R) A* R6 U; G+ \( L2 U● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and which cannot be influenced by people ─ CALD3
* f6 B( k( l V2 {& U) Y● the force that some people think controls what happens in the future, and is outside human control ─ CLAD4
& m. |0 q- ]% _/ A四版的定義更精簡易懂。
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4 X; u6 ?, [2 Qthrash: vt. [informal]. w e- a9 {% L1 U& O6 q
● to defeat someone thoroughly in a game or sports competition ─ CALD3
5 o! X7 _( p! j& ^. e9 u● to defeat someone very easily in a game or sports competition ─ CALD4, h8 P. b3 h2 X/ k: o7 E- m) F
前後版語意不盡相同,稍有調整。
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7 s7 v$ V+ B/ p2 _1 p0 T- limplement: vt.- D* |+ M+ x1 g5 q/ H
● to put a plan or system into operation ─ CALD3
# p/ I5 C- M4 s8 L● to start using a plan or system ─ CALD4
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; Z. A8 n! R& W& w" @- _implement: n.
0 p& y0 v @% N7 [● a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD3' H3 U5 I6 K8 W" M& D
● a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface ─ CALD4& `, \% J' D5 i, ~& t2 K+ A
第四版在很多原來用 which 的地方改用 that,底下 incentive 又是一例。( } D# _5 F( N# ?' n% G; ^
& ^7 N a% B# |/ ^) Z' ^6 a( Wincentive: n.
' k! d+ T" B. R: V5 q6 o● something which encourages a person to do something ─ CALD3) e. P0 n7 O0 P! {9 m+ x
● something that encourages a person to do something ─ CALD4( q9 A+ ~( E+ j4 q
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allegation: n.$ g' ]0 P, G& ~8 }7 ]) K& P( }3 o
● a statement which has not been proved to be true which says that someone has done something wrong or illegal ─ CALD3
# Q d; H% p3 H5 k4 I3 h● a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal that has not been proved to be true ─ CALD4
$ t5 P, t6 t* _+ Y四版的定義改動不小,似乎也比較精準。
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其他一些零星發現。將兩個單字分別截頭去尾組合成新單字,如 breakfast + lunch → brunch; net + citizen → netizen; satellite + navigation → satnav,這樣的組合字在英文裡有個特定名稱 “portmanteau word”,CALD3 雖有 portmanteau,卻沒有 portmanteau word 這詞條,第四版就收錄進來了,LDOCE5、MED2、OALD8 則早已收錄。friend 底下多了動詞,語意是 to invite someone to be your friend on a social networking,還有片語 with friends like you, who needs enemies? 另外,rumor mill, quantitative easing, … 這些媒體常用字也都在這版出現了。
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CALD4 封面特別強調 “Focus on Writing Section”,到底裡面添加什麼獨家秘笈,號稱能幫助學習者提升寫作能力?原來是印刷版中間位置附了三十頁 (C1-C30) 的 Focus on Writing 寫作要領,內容如何不必多說,我附一張這三十頁資料的目錄讓大家看,聰明的讀者不妨想想,短短三十頁要涵蓋這麼多內容,能談出有深度的見解嗎?更無法理解的是,這份三十頁的資料在光碟版裡找不到。 |
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