if从句一般现在时，主句是现在过去完成时， 怎么理解呢

enti

经济学人 <The world trading system is under attack> 中的一句话有点困惑，这是虚拟语气么？ 怎么理解这句话的意思呢？
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And since 1995, if one member suspects another of rule-breaking, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.
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yangxiups

they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.
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: i4 j( S5 P( S这是使役动词后接宾补的情况，heard是动词的过去分词作宾补，
5 P8 j; b5 P' ]3 c+ b! g they   have       had            the case  heard      by the WTO’s panel of judges.
' o7 m- l% y9 C, X6 o 主语   助动词    使役动词     宾语        宾补        补充说明听证会的具体情况

fellboy

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if one member suspects another of rule-breaking 在这儿可以理解为一个状语从句插入语。就像 if you like; as I know it... 一样。
所以句子也就成了：And since 1995, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.   ^ ^

enti

啊，明白了， 非常感谢

leeson0219

应该不是虚拟语气，也不是”现在过去完成时"（有这种时态？i'm not sure)“，句子的意思很好理解，强调的是过去的一种事实、实际情况，所以if从句用一般现在时，主句用现在完成时。（本人臆测，不知语法书上是怎么解释的，不作参考）

enti

是了， have had 是现在完成时， heard应该不是动词， 是我搞错了

Engdict

yangxiups 发表于 2018-7-24 11:55
! g  R) L2 C; b8 p: @- ~3 ^; I3 fthey have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.
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, r! p" E0 Q- j/ c这是使役动词后接宾补的情况，heard是动 ...

完全同意你的分析。

enti

感谢各位大大

+ a+ W+ |" Y3 v7 a  U  l: p1 u由此也知道了 if 条件句中的zero conditional, 可以用 when(whenever) 来替换 if.

& L7 _4 r  Q5 \因为把它看成一个事实，所以条件句和主句都用一般现在时。
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4 T. ?% l9 n8 l- P我简单摘抄一下原文

例句：If you heat ice, it melts.
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“Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. ”
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/ s, r' _5 W, y3 b7 E“ The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. ”

And since 1995, if one member suspects another of rule-breaking, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.  然后可能是因为since， 所以这里用现在完成时而不是一般现在时


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