if从句一般现在时，主句是现在过去完成时， 怎么理解呢

enti

经济学人 <The world trading system is under attack> 中的一句话有点困惑，这是虚拟语气么？ 怎么理解这句话的意思呢？

. z) _7 O1 n; D/ m8 PAnd since 1995, if one member suspects another of rule-breaking, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.
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yangxiups

they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.
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这是使役动词后接宾补的情况，heard是动词的过去分词作宾补，
they   have       had            the case  heard      by the WTO’s panel of judges.
主语   助动词    使役动词     宾语        宾补        补充说明听证会的具体情况

fellboy

if one member suspects another of rule-breaking 在这儿可以理解为一个状语从句插入语。就像 if you like; as I know it... 一样。
所以句子也就成了：And since 1995, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.   ^ ^

enti

啊，明白了， 非常感谢

leeson0219

应该不是虚拟语气，也不是”现在过去完成时"（有这种时态？i'm not sure)“，句子的意思很好理解，强调的是过去的一种事实、实际情况，所以if从句用一般现在时，主句用现在完成时。（本人臆测，不知语法书上是怎么解释的，不作参考）

enti

是了， have had 是现在完成时， heard应该不是动词， 是我搞错了

Engdict

yangxiups 发表于 2018-7-24 11:55
, h- ~, R2 F+ n! i( M. B! g0 R" [* }they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.

( U$ L7 i9 ^0 G  G6 z这是使役动词后接宾补的情况，heard是动 ...

完全同意你的分析。

enti

感谢各位大大
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8 v! |8 [4 |+ ^. \  e# C3 O由此也知道了 if 条件句中的zero conditional, 可以用 when(whenever) 来替换 if.

" c0 t3 N. {/ ?/ z4 B因为把它看成一个事实，所以条件句和主句都用一般现在时。
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* u) Q5 \; A5 H; q# l我简单摘抄一下原文
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2 E8 U- ~8 _0 l1 @# b9 f例句：If you heat ice, it melts.
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“Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. ”

“ The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result. ”

And since 1995, if one member suspects another of rule-breaking, they have had the case heard by the WTO’s panel of judges.  然后可能是因为since， 所以这里用现在完成时而不是一般现在时
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