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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2019-11-28 01:16 编辑
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! Q9 J" Q" Y3 e _allege和allegation,我也不知道是不是什么四六级词汇、考研词汇之类的。不过我相信,不管英语底子好不好,大家都有个感觉:allegation无非是allege的名词嘛。
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新牛津:
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allege:claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof that this is the case; _5 {) O1 ]5 d. x0 S; H3 w
allegation:a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof
g3 F% q, U' e3 N$ ?看!释义都是平行的,一个动词,一个名词而已。新牛津就这一个义项,大家伙可以舒一口气了。
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Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary:
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allege# @3 ]% f4 w! ~- y
2 a$ C" _6 j) w1. to assert without proof.. j0 m0 d# e1 y
2. to declare with positiveness; affirm; assert: to allege a fact.* G+ G5 j% [- [% w! F. Y% p
3. to declare before a court or elsewhere, as if under oath.4 Q: Z2 g3 \ i3 t; Y
4. to plead in support of; offer as a reason or excuse.
+ P' `# K; g5 k7 x1 T+ z8 F$ {9 r5. Archaic. to cite or quote in confirmation. allegation0 @ C: ^$ S2 m, u6 ^+ o* ]
) T! G6 p1 u6 n3 z( J, ]9 V1. the act of alleging; affirmation.
# q2 ^8 x8 ~& G% M0 z; _2. an assertion made with little or no proof.
# Y' q6 v$ k" q3. an assertion made by a party in a legal proceeding, which the party then undertakes to prove.4 [. t1 F0 w* I5 f/ v8 m) n5 ]
4. a statement offered as a plea, excuse, or justification.
/ n) `% P& N) B4 s兰登书屋韦氏真可怕,一上来就四个义项。不过稍稍看一下就知道,allege的义项1234对应allegation的义项2134,还是基本平行的!allege 的第五个意思是古义,咱就不管了。, ]9 B$ x4 {% C0 E1 h& b
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韦氏高阶:0 r$ P& b3 u2 A% ~, G! y
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allege:to state without definite proof that someone has done something wrong or illegal
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! G. O$ J0 _, D H" yallegation:a statement saying that someone has done something wrong or illegal
; {$ u' x# p% y8 i/ _4 Y9 ]ESL词典通俗易懂人人爱,请看,两个释义还是平行的对吧?; a6 v6 w4 _& Q1 ?9 b; j' {
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再来一本ESL,麦克米兰:& \1 ]% ~( }7 X" T
+ @6 a8 G$ [- Z- G/ m; v( `0 l9 X( Xallege:to say that something is true or that someone has done something wrong or illegal, even though this has not been proved0 |; r) g+ b' @: a3 C
% G# p& g) j' i, s$ P4 W! iallegation:a statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal even though this has not been proved
7 L4 C# r( @/ e$ a2 W: O7 q3 z说不平行的一定是眼瞎。
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6 l8 u' p$ O; \1 s' d* N有爱查词典的童鞋要说了,这俩词释义不平行的词典也不少呢,怎么不见你搬出来说,偏心!& a/ u7 k& R3 D8 q: N
1 }$ S; ?% J `9 E& Q确实有不少英英词典,这俩词释义语言不平行,但我觉得主要是释义风格问题,不影响allegation跟allege一个名词、一个动词。6 t: g! O6 [( k$ M: I+ B, R% w
' i& a$ r( F. m* O p' m, u; b E再看Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 6th:/ ^( m+ m0 O2 p6 |; `8 X
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allege:) x; I/ _0 e5 W- W5 |# t& V; p
8 Z4 l' Z7 Z- x2 ]8 i4 o1.Declare upon oath at a tribunal; bring forward as a legal ground or plea. obsolete exc. as passing into senses 2 and 4. ME.
, p) p0 G9 f+ L2.Affirm, assert, esp. without proof. ME.0 @2 `' r1 c7 V4 |
3.Cite, quote, (for or against). arch. LME.8 x. [7 G+ L1 j8 e1 ]% y" Z
4.Advance as an argument or excuse. LME.
! c9 n) f2 T. a' E }3 Q" A2 oallegation:- Y! f. s5 V0 U; e: B
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1. The action of making a charge before a legal tribunal; a charge so made. LME.: `6 U* g& \8 W3 B( ^+ Y5 J
2.†An excuse, a plea, an alleged reason. LME–E17.. l) n; M& R# h/ ~
3.A claim or assertion of wrongdoing, esp. one made without proof. M16.
! J$ {/ S7 L/ ~0 N" W( `4.†The action of citing an author or document; a quotation. M16–L17.
1 Z- D5 P1 k5 Tallege 义项1234分别对应allegation义项1342,也是平行的!注意了,SOED说allege的第一个意思已经过时了,转向义项2、4。
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1 B4 ? L1 a0 z2 c贴了这么多英文,跟英汉词典有什么关系呢?神奇的地方来了,不少英汉词典说「allege」是「断言,宣称」,「allegation」是「指控」,仿佛俩词儿八竿子打不着!!
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* {, r% j8 W+ `+ \5 P1 n为了保险起见,咱先看看《现代汉语词典》:
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断言
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①动 十分肯定地说:: `5 B3 c, o$ @* J+ K
可以~,这种办法行不通。
1 N) a. b8 w. E) x) G3 |8 \②名 断语:
$ C6 h6 m% j! d! X: s$ q0 B现在还不能下这样的~。 指控
4 Q) C+ o* h* A% V& Q* Rzhǐkòng 动 指责和控告:
$ a; j6 |3 f% @' k提出~|~他有受贿行为。 % H& |% h D- Q' I( x; L7 h0 {; P
没说错吧?汉语里的「断言」跟「指控」绝对是两码事。别的不说,「指控」的意思里面,有「控告」呀!
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下面看《新世纪英汉大词典》:' F# `# i5 N) _4 o7 a+ t
" b" D( h( D- Q4 ballege
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; u- h6 b8 i2 w4 e5 R q1. (claim)[police, the prosecution, report, document +]断言;宣称;声称
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0 _1 s' q' W4 g4 ~5 f& B: r2. LAW(cite)[police, the prosecution, lawsuit, charge +] [+ abuse, assault, discrimination, negligence]控告;指控
- w! Y' u$ C0 M8 V3. ARCHAIC(cite, quote)引用;引证
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allegation; U5 D! o1 S6 t
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1. (unproved statement)[of corruption, brutality]断言;指控- ?6 l& X0 ^+ U' ]( `
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2. FORMAL(act of alleging)宣称;声称
$ |. ^/ d; U# ?9 U在allege条下面,「断言」跟「宣称;声称」是一伙儿的,跟「指控」不是一家人,跑到allegation条下面,「断言」又跟「指控」亲热起来了,「宣称;声称」跑去单独成了家。
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) |( j, n6 q2 X ]看了这样的译文,读者是不是很想打人、很想砸电视呢??当然,我晓得有的读者干脆放弃了治疗,认定这辈子学不会English了
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牛津高阶9:6 O4 W3 @ }, A" p$ i8 P: p2 ]6 Z
v( q( @, i/ ]( W5 X3 qallege:to state sth as a fact but without giving proof (未提出证据)断言,指称,声称" K) k. D f* S5 B; x/ L
allegation:a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing sb of doing sth that is wrong or illegal (无证据的)说法,指控 % V6 ~( _7 D* v% S/ Q j
牛津高阶9的一个中文叫「断言,指称,声称」,一个中文叫「说法,指控」,实在不明白为什么
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) K$ w. h3 k. Y* a V4 O0 X) \牛津高阶4:
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1 r( U) c/ x9 V# T M8 Callege:state (sth) as a fact but without proof; give as an argument or excuse (无证据地)陈述,宣称,声称(某事);辩解:
/ W \; Z6 _+ U) P* fallegation:1. act of alleging 陈述;宣称;声称;辩解。2. statement made without proof (无证据的)陈词
( ?7 M6 Q! o6 q: _5 }: u# r4 _你看,牛津高阶4里面,两个词的译文是一一对应的啊!, `8 B; W) e& X( i) C- J' T
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韦氏高阶:4 y% Q) r" u( y' [* h1 U. K
5 p0 P+ \8 D7 }# y) Lallege(无确凿证据地)断言,宣称7 c- |7 Q0 ]9 P! q! V1 c% h
allegation 指控 K2 l* |& y8 q7 S
- p1 F0 S/ i# d) G韦氏高阶的英文是平行的,汉译却截然不同,实在是……
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朗文5:- ^ _1 \& u; }* p, L+ L- C
' [! m# j3 V4 fallege 〔在未经证实下〕断言,宣称,声称;指控) C8 s2 R7 Z1 K9 o5 h, n" e
allegation 〔无证据的〕陈述,说法;指控 0 \" e+ n6 M* S4 f
还有一大波像朗文5这样的词典,硬是要把「断言」跟「指控」放在一起说,我想请问译者同学,你们的《现代汉语词典》都还给体育老师了吗?0 Y5 T6 C) g: y
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还有一个终极boss,21世纪大英汉词典:
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4 O( Q5 y0 f) O! lallege: z2 I2 D1 A, C6 D4 S7 ~. N( c8 p
vt.
& @0 x( _% w! T1.(独断地)宣称,声称;(尤指无根据地)断言;(证据不足或未经证实地)硬说:" s% d/ e4 t1 k5 l* L
2.(作为抗辩、申诉、理由、借口、托辞、口实或论据等)提出;辩解:0 [3 J2 P6 B ?& z: U
3.古语 引用,引证(作品、作家等);引(例);(作为权威)引证(for或against)
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allegation( o+ _/ F5 D/ v' t( y: }1 Z. I
1.宣称;声称;断言3 w% i# Q4 V/ N5 ~
2.(无证据或有待证实的)陈述;说法;无根据的断言;空言;托辞;推诿;(提不出证据的)辩解. U/ m" F/ F8 C! e$ c
3.法律 主张;辩护;申辩,申诉;抗辩;事实陈述
- }3 G- U0 q6 w' U. S4.法律 (有待证实的)指控 * w/ j# n1 o9 z& ?$ X% z
妈妈呀!「宣称」跟「主张」有什么区别,「申辩」跟「辩解」有什么区别,「事实陈述」不就是「宣称」吗,感觉我要去考一个汉语888级才能搞懂这些了。
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其实allege和allegation的关系很简单,就是单纯的动词跟名词的关系,最常用的意义,直接照着ESL词典、新牛津给出的平行释义就行。
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" O# v8 K1 K2 L4 J$ t如果要做「大词典」,把古今意义都包进去,应该参考SOED,一家人整整齐齐收好,allege、allegation有几个意思是早已过时的,收进来,标明古义就行。
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SOED的释义是平行的,为什么英汉词典非要一锅煮、大杂烩、拉郎配,自己说不清楚,就堆砌词汇,弄得读者一头雾水呢?
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