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本帖最后由 klwo2 于 2020-8-29 12:42 编辑
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$ j( M# E, X2 |" I先说结论,「粮票」的英文可以有很多个,区别不大,英美人并不关心这些译名的高下。不过反正还是可以说说。2 ^: C+ ], a' f- {4 C2 S. ]: [" T& Y
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《现代汉语规范词典》第2版:0 v5 s* S4 \' r+ l
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计划经济时期按定量发给城镇居民购买粮食及其制品的票证。
; a a! o m. z1 c/ t8 b9 i: X近现代汉语辞源说:* s8 R! c* h2 Y& G# a0 l, ^
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0 U1 ?8 L( }- z1 d3 G" [( W3 Z可见略微早于计划经济时代. o. ?* r2 g2 g' A
( k2 t5 X; M1 ]5 h' g8 d' X新编国语日报:
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) N3 ~. ?% l) Q0 {9 {, P「粮票」的重点有两个:1. 粮食不够了,所以要配给;2. 有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行。; L; N) W7 C4 }& q7 R7 P# g
; a: S( c" L9 o: v3 Acoupon的一系列词是可以的,新牛津:
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1.1 A detachable ticket entitling the holder to a ration of food, clothes, or other goods, especially in wartime.3 t A4 E! g: q
Petrol, clothing, meat, sugar and other foods were rationed by coupons.
' c& a4 G8 G& O3 h9 dTaking ration coupons for gas and food down at the general store seemed like the most natural thing in the world.
3 m2 I- @' |" u8 i1 RThe boys he was living with sold ration coupons, so food was always available. + @- d$ V8 O& n& C
最后一个例句有点意思,跟着卖粮票的人走不会饿
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在繁荣年代,coupon的主要意思是「优惠券」,朗文当代:: U6 V8 x2 b6 c, f
1 _" N* u% z, W4 v ?a small piece of printed paper that gives you the right to pay less for something or get something free 优惠券,折价券;赠券
& p* C( G. l. D5 k( ^& o牛津高阶:
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a small piece of printed paper that you can exchange for something or that gives you the right to buy something at a cheaper price than normal / |6 P' c* @* R3 `6 ]
这些ESL词典强调,手里拿coupon,要么打折,要么立减100%,这当然是繁荣年代的景象了。困难时期的意思还是看新牛津。. b3 P3 m& I9 U: h
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voucher的一系列词也可以,W3:
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coupon 2g ; specifically : a coupon issued by government to a parent or guardian to be used to fund a child's education in either public or private school : a6 x2 x _2 x6 l9 p6 H
跟coupon差不多,繁荣年代「优惠券」,困难时期另说。还能特指某些个券。/ v9 M# u2 `1 U! X) d
' ]1 L$ D' @5 p s有的人用food stamp,朗文当代:
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an official piece of paper that the US government gives to poor people so they can buy food 〔美国政府发给穷人的〕食物券,粮食券 ; A2 m2 b. G7 b" S
21世纪大英汉词典:
# j/ j# z6 i% K( p+ sfood stamp [美国英语]食品券,粮票(政府发给或以低价卖给低收入者以维持最低生活标准) 2 W/ f* t& q/ |
food stamp不是很好,因为特指美国+穷人,跟「有粮票才能买粮食,没粮票,你用钱也不行」有点不搭。不过兴许饥饿的年代没人在乎。7 g& [7 v* ~5 B2 V; k
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3 [. F9 L" ~' s1 k8 U喂鸡百科说「ration stamp」(又叫ration coupon or ration card),里面举了印度、美国、英国、波兰的例子。我看来看去,都觉得跟「粮票」没啥特别大的区别,大约是喂鸡百科条目分得有点怪。+ z% s4 Y; n2 W* s8 B
: m! F1 ^8 g' F9 L- zfood card 也能指「粮票」,新牛津:
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2 s; z5 V5 n j( a4 ^; Zfood card
1 Z$ [- w5 F h0 M T6 T; Lnoun
& i: V c/ c/ Z( F |$ PA card indicating the amount of food allowed to the holder during times of rationing; (also) a card allowing the holder to buy food to the value specified on the card.
7 h; V; B5 {/ K& W" K这词儿双解版没有,说明是新加上来的。OED也有,给了例句:2 k+ g6 R3 W8 \5 @5 i3 F
4 G) S$ l4 g0 y* ^4 c8 K4 o1 G1896 Times 12 Mar. 13/3 The respondent..issued 500 food cards, but he placed them all in the hands of one man, Mr. Bouchard, and he was a member of the Radical Association.
5 b) P% l. C2 e: n1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 114 In the spring of 1920 there were only eight thousand adults in Petrograd who had not taken out food-cards, i.e. had not gone to work.
L- M* ~ {1 M5 W, W) j9 ]7 S6 o这词用得大概不广,不过横竖没错儿。 O# ~/ l- a6 d0 D& R# Q8 b6 j2 q. p7 D
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英华大词典(修订第三版)5 ]- z' W" B f' D8 I1 H. Y
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. ?3 q- z0 w2 r7 p+ i8 ]food card" g% ~. n4 `# |$ Y
[coupon] 粮票,饭票。
: T4 h! a, q! _" D. d英华大词典是少见的收了「food card」的,不过注释里头把「粮票」「饭票」放在一起说,略微不妥。
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上海话大词典「饭票」:
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! Q9 ~8 M# O- q, \8 z〈名〉预先购好,到时凭以在公共食堂领取主食的票据。 ; o0 q; r' L: Y' W$ e
百度百科:# E" a( K. w& r+ T6 Q, W
在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。! i+ `% n7 a5 A
改革开放后,使用“饭票”的传统依然在军队、学校、幼儿园、国营企业、部分私营和外资企业等地沿用下来,是领取食品的有效凭证,帮助组织促进员工福利,餐饮业进行消费管理。
C# c2 m4 G! Q7 v( c8 g% L现代汉语规范词典:
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(《现代汉语词典》「粮票」「饭票」都没收)& T6 @2 }: G$ |. }" |8 F
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「饭票」的主要落脚点是内部食堂,跟「饥饿」「配给」没有直接关系,但是呢,内部食堂一般不能拿钱直接买,这又跟「粮票」有点相似之处,所以说coupon啊voucher啊大概也没什么不好。& R/ x2 {& n! [/ [ q
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♥ … dug into his pocket for 伸/深入袋中摸 his rice and vegetable coupons 飯票和菜票 as 在…時 he studied the menu pasted on the wall 仔細察看貼在牆上的菜單.
" ?! Q* N9 T. }Nancy Ing & Howard Goldblatt: The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1978 1 d/ j5 z* b/ ^4 L0 |4 S, |
饭票粮票偶尔有混着说的。/ d: h2 {% t; v" T
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「饭票」的英文对译是meal ticket,朗文当代:
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" ~' O& L2 @- x/ W- r4 X Va card that you buy and then use to get meals at school or work, or at a special event〔学校﹑工作场所或特别活动中使用的〕饭票﹐餐券:" @0 }, A% o* N" x$ F) ] `0 a# g+ q
The meal ticket is $15 and includes three meals with beverages.餐券为15美元﹐包括三餐和饮料。
* d4 t5 c# d! O5 @5 c3 X m可是有的汉英词典,比如吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》,坚持说还有个「mess card」,是怎么回事呢?" Y7 `, U+ d. y' e' G- q
* |' j h/ {1 I, O原来mess有个意思,是「军人食堂」,新牛津:. W2 ]/ z" I/ h
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a building or room in which members of the armed forces take their meals/ L! h6 S& B& U
军人食堂:
: y+ p. M; O* `7 L$ T o3 ethe sergeants' mess.
0 E3 d% _( }5 u士官食堂。
3 H# q5 O- a& M3 |$ ^军人食堂为什么能和机关内部食堂画等号?当然是因为北外汉英出版的文革年代的缘故:! ^1 A A/ X1 d* z9 q; K5 }
6 S3 U4 n, `8 S+ E( l在战争时期,军队“饭票”由后勤保障系统统一发放。解放后,随着社会主义改造,由军队、生产队、工厂发放的职工饭票成为“大锅饭”的典型代表。
/ t6 N; I3 m" w2 X然后【吴光华《汉英大词典》,ABC汉英,陆谷孙《中华汉英大词典(上)》】坚持抄袭、反复抄袭北外汉英不放松,就把这种文革尾巴留下来了。/ S% t* X" w* W- x5 L1 J
" [. c9 n( O& ]( q, y这是何必呢?「mess card」没有一家英语词典收录,COCA语料库里出现频率为0,因为军人去食堂吃饭,顶多刷自己ID就行了嘛,单独发一个卡片是何苦呢?现实生活中没这事物当然也就没这说法了。; l+ ~% R9 }' Q
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新世纪汉英、新时代汉英、CC-CEDICT至少动了脑,把「mess card」去掉了。
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