喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:48:47

deprecate – The original meaning in English is "deplore" or "express disapproval of" (the Latin from which the word derives means "pray to avert evil", suggesting that some event would be a calamity). The word is now also used to mean "play down", "belittle" or "devalue", a shift that some disapprove of, as it suggests the word is being confused with the similar word depreciate; in fact, AHD4 states that in this sense deprecate has almost completely supplanted depreciate; however, a majority of the dictionary's Usage Panel approved this sense.[59] Its use with the approximate meaning to declare obsolescent in computer jargon is also sometimes condemned.

21世纪：
deprecate ['deprikeit]
vt.
对…表示(或感到)很不赞成：
We deprecated changing the policy at present.

我们不赞成目前的政策变动。

They deprecated the new exhibit.

他们很不赞成新展品。

极力反对(计划、意图等)，抗议：
I strongly deprecate the use of violence by the students.

我强烈反对学生们使用暴力。

轻视，蔑视；贬低：
You should not deprecate your own worth.

你不应该贬低你自己的价值。

to deprecate oneself

自贬

[古语]所求免遭(灾祸等)，所免，求免

没有收录计算机术语的意思，但收录了贬低的意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:50:33

diagnose – Cochrane (2004) states that to "diagnose [someone] with a disease" is an incorrect usage of the verb diagnose, which takes the physician as subject and a disease as object (e.g. "to diagnose cancer"). In American English, according to AHD4[60] and M-W,[61] the sense of "diagnose [someone] with a disease" is listed without comment or tag; however, for its part, RH does not list such a usage, with or without comment. For British English, COD11 offers "identify the medical condition of (someone): she was diagnosed as having epilepsy (2004); this usage, however, did not appear in editions as recently as the 1990s. Chambers does not offer this sense at all.[62]

21世纪未表态，含糊其辞。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:51:39

different – Standard usage in both the UK and USA is "different from" (on the analogy of "to differ from"). In the UK this competes with "different to" (coined on the analogy of "similar to"). In America, it competes with "different than" (coined on the analogy of "other than"). "Different to" is also found in Irish, South African, Australian, and New Zealand English.

21世纪认可：不同的，不相同的，不一样的，差异的(与from，than，to连用)
实际教学中倾向于different from，但其余两种似乎也没被绝对判为错。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:53:45

disinterested – Standard usage is as a word for "unbiased," but some have also rendered it synonymous with "uninterested"

21世纪收录，但标明“此为恢复废义的用法”

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 18:58:45

due to – The adjectival use of due to is undisputed. Its adverbial use, however, has been a subject of dispute for many years, as witnessed by several (especially U.S.) dictionary usage notes that in the end designate it as "standard." William Strunk in his Elements of Style labelled the disputed adverbial use of due to as "incorrect." [63] Although the first (1926) edition of Fowler condemned the adverbial use as "common ... only ... among the illiterate", the third (1996) edition said, "Opinion remains sharply divided, but it begins to look as if this use of due to will form part of the natural language of the 21C., as one more example of a forgotten battle." Due to is frequently used in place of by, from, for, with, of, because of, and other prepositions and prepositional phrases. Undisputed synonyms for due to are caused by and attributable to.

现在英语教学里是认可把due to作为因为的意思的，课本上有。我很好奇这段里面说的拿due to取代其他那几个介词是什么意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:00:50

enormity – Frequently used as a synonym for "enormousness" or "immensity", but traditionally means "extreme wickedness". According to AHD4, this distinction has not always occurred historically, but is now supported by 59% of the dictionary's Usage Panel.[64] COD11 states that enormity as a synonym for hugeness "is now broadly accepted as standard English." Although Chambers lists "immenseness or vastness" as a meaning, it says it "should not be used" in that sense, commenting that it is encountered often because the word enormousness is "awkward"; it recommends using instead another word, such as hugeness, greatness, etc.[65]

21世纪：
穷凶极恶，凶残，凶暴，凶恶，蛮横
无法无天(或残暴凶恶)的行为；穷凶极恶的罪行，暴行，滔天大罪，滔天罪行
[现一般视为非严格用语](尺寸、范围、程度或影响的)巨大，庞大，广大，深远

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:05:27

farther and further – Many adhere to the rule that farther only should refer to matters of physical distance or position, while further should be reserved for usages involving time or degree (as well as undisputed descriptions of moreover and in addition)

在英语教学里，是说farther用于具体的，further是抽象的。
但21世纪没给这个区分。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:07:23

fortuitously – Used by some interchangeably with fortunately, strictly speaking fortuitousness is a reference to an occurrence depending on chance. M-W notes that use of the word in the sense of "fortunate" has been standard for at least 70 years, and notes that the sense of "coming or happening by a lucky chance" is virtually unnoticed by usage critics.

这词21世纪不收，oed不用“幸运地”那种解释，所以估计不接受。
fortuitous，21世纪收了“幸运的”的意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:09:15

gender – Gender is often used interchangeably with sex in the sense of the biological or social qualities, male and female. It is never used to refer to sexual intercourse.
Gender traditionally refers to grammatical gender, a feature in the grammar of a number of different languages. Some argue that its use as a euphemism for sex is to be avoided as a genteelism; Fowler (p. 211) says it is used "either as a jocularity ... or a blunder."
Sex and gender can be used in different but related senses, with sex referring to biological characteristics and gender to social roles and expectations based on sex. Use of gender as interchangeable with or as a replacement for sex may confuse readers who draw this distinction. See gender identity, gender role.

-----------------
21世纪有些含糊其辞
gender1 ['dʒendə]
n.
【语法学】(名词、代词等的)性，性别
(男性、女性的总称)性别；性
[古语]种类，类别，部类

目前，gender已经取代了sex，因为sex有不好的意思。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:10:56

hoi polloi – The question surrounding hoi polloi is whether it is appropriate to use the article the preceding the phrase; it arises because οἱ (hoi) is the Greek word for "the" in the phrase and classical purists complain that adding the makes the phrase redundant: "the the common people". Foreign phrases borrowed into English are often reanalyzed as single grammatical units, requiring an English article in appropriate contexts. AHD4 says "The Arabic element al- means 'the', and appears in English nouns such as alcohol and alchemy. Thus, since no one would consider a phrase such as the alcohol to be redundant, criticizing the hoi polloi on similar grounds seems pedantic."

这词很有趣，似乎21世纪是不认可the hoi polloi这种的。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:13:22

hopefully – Some argue this word should not be used as an expression of confidence in an outcome

21世纪收录，但有警告

hopefully ['həupfuli]
adv.
抱有希望地
给人以希望地
[口语]但愿；作为希望
我们希望；希望如此[此用法尚有争议]

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:14:43

humanitarian – The Compact Oxford Dictionary from 1996 has a usage note criticizing use of humanitarian as in humanitarian disaster, saying "the adjective humanitarian is often used inaccurately by reporters, e.g This is the worst humanitarian disaster within living memory, as if humanitarian meant 'of or relating to humanity'",[74] though the current entry given by OxfordDictionaries.com has a more tempered commentary: "The primary sense of humanitarian is 'concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare.' Since the 1930s, a new sense, exemplified by phrases such as the worst humanitarian disaster this country has seen, has been gaining currency, and is now broadly established, especially in journalism, although it is not considered good style by all".[75] Most dictionaries are implicitly neutral, giving no sense covering this usage but neither any usage comment criticizing it. However, besides the current OxfordDictionaries.com entry, Random House Dictionary,[76] the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,[77] and the Macmillan Dictionary [78] all give senses for the use in humanitarian disaster.

21世纪没有这个义项，但humanitarian disaster似乎已经是固定说法了。其实humanitarian完全可以看做名词定语。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:17:38

impact – A large majority of the AHD Usage Panel has disapproved of the use of the verb meaning "to have an effect" since the early 1980s. Even in its 2001 survey, 85 percent of the Panel rejected the intransitive use in the sentence These policies are impacting on our ability to achieve success, and 80 percent rejected the transitive use in the sentence The court ruling will impact the education of minority students.

21世纪的态度：
impact ['impækt; im'pækt]
n.
碰撞；冲击；撞击；(火箭的)降落；【军事】弹着；命中
冲击力；撞击力
影响；效果；作用
vt.
装紧；压紧；把…楔牢：
The soldier impacted his sword into the ground.

那个战士将他的剑紧紧插入地下。

挤满；充满；塞满：
Surging crowds impacted the theatre.

蜂拥的人群挤满了剧场。

冲撞；冲击；命中；在…着陆：
to impact the moon

在月球着陆

对…产生不良影响，对…有不利影响；产生(效果或结果)：
to impact national income

影响国民收入

vi.
碰撞；冲击；撞击；命中；着陆：
a meteor that impacted on the moon

撞在月球上的一颗流星

产生影响，有不利影响：
How will the war impact on his generation?

战争对他这一代会有什么影响呢?

似乎及物的用法仍然不是很受赞成。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:20:54

ironic – Irony refers to an incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs, especially if what actually occurs thwarts human wishes or designs. People often misuse ironic, applying it to events and circumstances that are simply coincidental, improbable, or unfortunate. In AHD's 1987 survey, 78 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use of ironically in the sentence In 1969 Susan moved from Ithaca to California where she met her husband-to-be, who, ironically, also came from upstate New York. By contrast, 73 percent accepted the sentence Ironically, even as the government was fulminating against American policy, American jeans and videocassettes were the hottest items in the stalls of the market, where the incongruity can be seen as an example of human inconsistency.

21世纪态度有点暧昧，似乎也更多地偏向于不赞成。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:27:10

lay and lie – Lay is a transitive verb, requiring a direct object. Lay and its principal derivatives (laid, laying) are correctly used in these examples: Now I lay me down to sleep. The chicken is laying an egg. Lie is an intransitive verb and cannot take an object. Lie and its principal derivatives (lay, lain, lying) are correctly used in these examples: My mother lies [not lays] down after meals. I fell asleep as soon as I lay [not laid] on the sand. The bills had lain [not laid] there all week. I was lying [not laying] in my nest when she rang.

21世纪：
下蛋，产卵：
These hens are laying well.

这些母鸡产蛋很多。

打赌，押赌注：
to lay with him on the result of horse race

和他赌跑马结果

[方言]躺；斜倚[不规范用法]：
to lay in bed

躺在床上

致力于；竭尽全力；狠打：
He caught the thief and began to lay on.

他抓住小偷并开始狠揍他。

He laid to his work.

他努力工作。

[方言]准备；拟定(计划)，策划：
to lay to rob a supermarket

策划抢劫超级市场

【航海学】就位，定向：
to lay forward

到前面就位

这个在教学中比较强调，一般不会弄混。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:30:25

less – Some argue that less should not be substituted for fewer. Merriam-Webster notes "The traditional view is that less applies to matters of degree, value, or amount and modifies collective nouns, mass nouns, or nouns denoting an abstract whole while fewer applies to matters of number and modifies plural nouns. Less has been used to modify plural nouns since the days of King Alfred and the usage, though roundly decried, appears to be increasing. Less is more likely than fewer to modify plural nouns when distances, sums of money, and a few fixed phrases are involved <less than 100 miles> <an investment of less than $2000> <in 25 words or less> and as likely as fewer to modify periods of time <in less (or fewer) than four hours>."

21世纪未表态，应该是支持区别的。教育中也遵循，这也经常被拿来出题。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:32:35

like and as – Some object to the use of like as a conjunction, stating it is rather a preposition and that only as would be appropriate in this circumstance.

21世纪收录：
conj.
1.■[口语]
2.■正像，如同，恰如，和…一样
3.■好像，似乎，宛如

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 19:36:46

literally – Some argue literally should not be used as a mere emphatic, unless the thing to which it refers is actually true.

21世纪似乎是认可的：
literally ['litərəli]
adv.
照字义地，照着原文；逐字地
实际地，实在地，确实地，准确地，不加夸张地
[口语]差不多；简直[用于加强语意]

不过话说回来，不准用literally，好像没有更合适的表示“简直”这个意思的词了。

EatingFlower · 发表于 2020-10-31 20:39:20

没必要把，感觉真实世界中还是会这么用。大家又不是机器。语言，还是没那么有边界感比较好呢？

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-10-31 22:05:54

alternative – Some argue that alternative should be used only when the number of choices involved is exactly two.

21世纪不遵循：
alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv]
adj.
两者(或两者以上)择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中任择其一的；(两种选择中)非此即彼的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:11:00

loan – The use of loan as a verb meaning "to give out a loan" is disputed, with lend being preferred for the verb form. AHD4 flatly states "[t]he verb loan is well established in American usage and cannot be considered incorrect";[87] M-W states "... loan is entirely standard as a verb".[88] RH says "Sometimes mistakenly identified as an Americanism, loan as a verb meaning "to lend" has been used in English for nearly 800 years"; it further states that objections to this use "are comparatively recent".[89] Chambers defines the verb loan as "to lend (especially money)".[90] OED merely states "Now chiefly U.S.",[91] and COD11 includes the meaning without tag or comment.

21世纪认为：
借(出)；出借：
The teacher loaned her a dictionary.

老师借给她一本词典。

贷与；有息出借(钱)：
to loan money at high interest

放高利贷

(暂时)借调(人员)：
Three teachers have been loaned to the English Department.

3位教师已暂时借调给英文系。

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:29:07

meet – Some state that as a transitive verb in the context "to come together by chance or arrangement", meet (as in meet (someone)) does not require a preposition between verb and object; the phrase meet with (someone) is deemed incorrect. Chambers flags this usage "US";[92] RH allows it in the sense of "to join, as for conference or instruction: I met with her an hour a day until we solved the problem."[93] On the other hand, none of M-W, AHD4, or COD11 entertains this usage.

21世纪似乎服从韦氏：
meet with

偶然遇见；偶然发现
经历；遭受；遭遇；获得
[美国英语]和…会晤；与…会合
符合某种意见

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:30:03

momentarily – Traditionally, momentarily means "for a moment", but its use to mean "in a moment" is disputed. M-W[94] and RH[95] give this latter usage a standard entry without comment, while OED[96] and Chambers[97] tag it "N.Amer." AHD5 has a usage note indicating that 68% of their Usage Panel deems this usage "acceptable".

21世纪似乎认可：
momentarily ['məuməntərəli]
adv.
暂时地，片刻地；短暂地
立即，即刻，立刻
每时每刻地，时时刻刻地，不停地
[美国、加拿大英语]随时
以上来源于：《21世纪大英汉词典》

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:32:42

nauseous – Traditionally nauseous means "causing nausea" (synonymous with "nauseating"); it is commonly used now as a synonym for "queasy," that is, having the feeling of nausea. AHD4 notes the traditional view, stating that 72% of the Usage Panel preferred nauseated over nauseous to mean "affected with nausea"; however, 88% of that same panel preferred nauseating to nauseous to mean "causing nausea"; in other words, a maximum of only 28% prefers nauseous in either case. It also states that in common usage, nauseous is synonymous with nauseated.[99] M-W, however, asserts that "[t]hose who insist that nauseous ... is an error for nauseated are mistaken".[100] Both M-W and AHD4 accept that nauseous is supplanting nauseated for "feeling nausea", and in turn being replaced by nauseating for "causing nausea" in general usage; they only differ on the correctness of the change. RH states "The two literal senses of nauseous [...] appear in English at almost the same time in the early 17th century, and both senses are in standard use at the present time. Nauseous is more common than nauseated in the sense 'affected with nausea', despite recent objections by those who imagine the sense to be new."[101] CHAMBERS lists the sense of causing nausea first and affected with nausea second,[102] while COD11 gives the affliction first and causation second; both dictionaries list the entries without comment. OED goes further, tagging its "nauseated" usage as "Orig[inally] U.S.", but demoted its "nauseating" usage to "literary". OED also notes that the original (now obsolete) sense of the word in English was "inclined to sickness or nausea; squeamish".[103] Curiously, this oldest seventeenth-century meaning (inclined to nausea), while distinct from the disputed twentieth-century usage (afflicted by nausea), more closely resembles the latter than it does the prescribed meaning (causing nausea).

21世纪有点含糊：
nauseous ['nɔ:ziəs; -ʃi-]
adj.
恶心的，欲吐的
令人恶心的，使人想吐的
令人厌恶的；令人憎恶的
[口语]感到恶心的

共同研习 · 发表于 2020-11-1 15:43:37

overly – Fowler notes that some editors regard this as an Americanism. The American source M-W's Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1989, eventually settles on accepting it, but has this to say: "Bache 1869 and Ayres 1881 succinctly insulted contemporaries who used this word, calling them vulgar and unschooled. Times have changed: modern critics merely insult the word itself. Follett 1966, for example, claims that overly is useless, superfluous, and unharmonious, and should be replaced by the prefix over-. Bryson 1984 adds that 'when this becomes overinelegant ... the alternative is to find another adverb [...]'." The prefix over- is safer, and accepted by all: "He seemed over-anxious." M-W, AHD4, and RH include the word without comment, and OED notes only "After the Old English period, rare (outside Scotland and North America) until the 20th cent." In most cases "too" or "excessively" would be better choices than "over-".

21世纪接受，但不做说明。我个人觉得这是个很有用的词。

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[语言讨论] 喂鸡百科上的用法有争议的英语词在中国教学中的处理